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BWS IGCSE History > CORE 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? > Flashcards

CORE 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Hitler’s 4 foreign policy aims

A

1) Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
2) Unite all German-speaking peoples in a Greater Germany (Reich)
3) Destroy Communism
4) Acquire lebensraum ‘living space’

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2
Q

What were Hitler’s first foreign policy moves when he became Chancellor in 1933?

A
  • Refused to pay anymore reparations
  • Started to rearm in secret
  • Walked out of the World Disarmament Conference
  • Left the League of Nations
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3
Q

Why did Germany sign a non-aggression pact with Poland in January 1934?

A

To avoid war with Poland if Hitler made a move against Austria or Czechoslovakia

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4
Q

When did Hitler first attempt Anschluss (union) with Austria?

A

July 1934 during the confusion following the murder of Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss by Austrian Nazis

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5
Q

Why did Hitler’s first attempt at Anschluss in 1934 fail?

A

He did not yet have the support of Mussolini who moved Italian troops to the Brenner Pass

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6
Q

In the Saar plebiscite of January 1935 what percentage voted to rejoin Germany?

A

Over 90%

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7
Q

When did Hitler reintroduce conscription?

A

March 1935

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8
Q

How did Europe respond to Hitler’s open violation of the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles in 1935?

A
  • Britain France and Italy strongly protested in the Stresa Front
  • France and the USSR signed a mutual assistance pact
  • Czechoslovakia and the USSR signed a mutual assistance pact
  • Britain negotiated the Anglo-German Naval Agreement
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9
Q

What did the Anglo-German Naval Agreement allow?

A

Germany could have a fleet that was 35% the size of Britain’s (submarines at 45%)

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10
Q

When did Hitler march 2 divisions of troops into the Rhineland?

A

March 1936

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11
Q

Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland a gamble for Hitler?

A

He only had 2 divisions against a possible 200 Allied divisions

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12
Q

Why didn’t France or Britain stop the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

A
  • Britain thought it reasonable for Germany to have control in its own ‘backyard’.
  • France was in the middle of a financial crisis and there was about to be an election.
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13
Q

Who did Hitler and Mussolini support in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39)?

A

Hitler and Mussolini supported the Fascists led by General Franco against the democratically elected republican government of the Popular Front (socialists, communists anarchists and syndicalists supported by Stalin)

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14
Q

What did Hitler achieve from his involvement in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39)?

A
  • Tested the Luftwaffe and modern dive-bombing techniques in the assault on Guernica
  • Persuaded Mussolini to abandon Britain and France and move towards an alliance with Germany ‘the Rome-Berlin Axis’
  • Distract the West from the German ambitions in central Europe
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15
Q

What pact did Germany sign with Japan in 1936 and Italy in 1937?

A

The Anti-Comintern Pact

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16
Q

What is the term for the union of Germany and Austria forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Anschluss

17
Q

Who did Hitler meet in February 1938 to discuss the persecution of Austrian Nazis and force the appointment of a new Minister of the Interior?

A

The Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg

18
Q

Who did Hitler demand replace Schuschnigg as Austrian Chancellor in March 1938?

A

The leading Austrian Nazi and recently appointed Minister of the Interior Seyss-Inquart

19
Q

When did Hitler order the German army into Austria and declare Anschluss?

A

12 March 1938 (After Mussolini gave his support and Chancellor Seyss-Inquart and requested German assistance)

20
Q

What percentage of Austria voted for Anschluss in the rigged April 1938 plebiscite?

A

99.70%

21
Q

What policy did Britain and France follow towards Germany during the mid to late 1930s?

A

Appeasement

22
Q

How many Germans lived in the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia?

A

3.5 million

23
Q

How did Hitler’s demands over the Sudetenland change between his first summit meetings with Chamberlain in September 1938?

A

At the first meeting in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria (15 Sep) he demanded areas with a majority of Germans if Britain, France and Czechoslovakia approved

A week later in Bad Godesberg, Rhineland (22 Sep) he demanded the whole Sudetenland or war

24
Q

Who met at the Munich Conference to resolve the Sudeten Crisis?

A

Chamberlain (Britain)
Hitler (Germany)
Mussolini (Italy)
Daladier (France)

25
Q

What was decided at the Munich Conference?

A

The Sudetenland would be transferred to Germany

Britain, Germany, Italy and France would guarantee the remainder of Czechoslovakia

26
Q

What were 4 key reasons for appeasing Hitler?

A

1) ToV too Harsh: many thought Germany should be allowed to unite Germans and defend its frontiers
2) Japanese and Italian Militarism: Britain couldn’t fight against Germany, Italy and Japan and needed time to rearm and improve its air defences
3) Public Opinion: The British people and Empire wanted to avoid war
4) Fear of Communism: Many wanted a strong anti-communist state in central Europe

27
Q

What were 4 key reasons against the policy of appeasement?

A

1) It was morally wrong and abandoned Czechoslovakia
2) It boosted the confidence of Hitler and led to further demands
3) It provided Hitler with or territory, resources, population and military capacity
4) It lost the support of the Soviet Union

28
Q

What policy did Britain and France follow after the invasion of Czechoslovakia?

A

Deterrence

29
Q

When did Hitler invade the rest of Czechoslovakia and occupy Prague?

A

15th March 1939

30
Q

Why was the invasion of Czechoslovakia different to Hitler’s previous annexations?

A

There were no Germans living there to unify

31
Q

Who signed the Pact of Steel Alliance in May 1939?

A

German and Italy

32
Q

Who guaranteed to support Poland if it was attacked in March 1939?

A

Britain and France (they failed to convince Stalin to join them)

33
Q

When was the Nazi-Soviet (Molotov-Ribbentrop) Pact signed?

A

24th August 1939

34
Q

What were the public and secret agreements of the Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)?

A

Public: 10 year non-aggression pact

Private: Germany and the USSR agreed to divide Poland between the them

35
Q

When did Germany invade Poland?

A

1st September 1939

BWS IGCSE History (10 decks)

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