Core 2 Critical Question 1 Flashcards
Skeletal System
– Provides a framework and support for the body
- Protects internal organs
- Provides bones for muscle attachment
-Serves as levers for body movement
-Produces and stores blood cells and minerals
The Axial Skeleton
the centre/main structure of the body. Includes cranium, vertebral column and ribcage
Appendicular Skeleton
bones involved in movement. The limbs that attach. Includes shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
Long Bones
Long not wide generally in the limbs (consist of two ends and a shaft. They are weight-bearing and act as levers for larger movement e.g. femur, humerus and tibia.
Flat Bones
Thin and flat. Protect the internal organs e.g. cranium, scapula and sternum.
Short bones
Short almost cubed and used for finer movements e.g. wrist/hand (carpals, metacarpals).
Irregular Bones
nonuniform shape, don’t fit into other categories e.g. vertebrae and pelvis girdle.
Sesamoid
Are buried inside tendons. Protect tendons and increase movement e.g. patella.
Superior
Towards the head; for example, the chest is superior to the pelvis
Inferior
Towards the feet; for example, the chest is inferior to the cranium.
Lateral
Towards the side of the body; for example, the hand is lateral to the sternum
Prosterior
Towards the back; for example, the backbone is posterior to the heart
anterior
Towards the front; the belly button is anterior to the vertebrae column
Medial
Towards the midline of the body; for example, the sternum is medial to the hand
Proximal
Towards the body mass; for example, the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
Distal
Away from the body mass; for example, the elbow is distal to the shoulder
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone, fibrous bands their to assist the joint capsule to maintain stability by restraining movement
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone, tough inelastic cords of tissue
and strengthens joint by assisting ligaments to hold joint closed.
Hyaline Cartilage
The bones are covered with smooth shiny cartilage, allowing them to move freely. Hyaline cartilage, which has a limited blood supply, receives nourishment through synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid
A lubricant between bones as no two joint surfaces fit together perfectly, synovial fluid acts as a cushion between them. It provides nutrition for the cartilage and carries waste products. During exercise synovial fluid is pumped between the joints.
Joint
A junction between two or more bones
Fibrous joints
Immovable joints (cranium)
Cartilaginous
Slightly movable joints
SYnovial
freely movable joints
Gliding joint
Two flat surfaces on top of each other that can glide and rotate
e.g. vertebrae column
Saddle Joint
The articulate surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the other sits on it like a rider. For example, between sternum and clavicle.
Hinge Joint
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another and movement occurs in one plane. Knee joint between tibia and Patella.
Pivot
The primary movement is rotation, where the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with the depression or opening of another. - horizontally. For example, between radius and ulna near the elbow and at the hand.
Ball and socket
An oval shaped condyle of one bone that fits into the cup like depression of another – very movable joints. Hip joint
Ellipsoid
An oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical depression of another and movement can occur in two planes.
Flexion
A movement that decreases the angle between the bones at the joint.
Extension
A movement that increases the angle between the bones at the joint.
Abduction
The movement of a body part away from the midline of the body,
Adduction
The movement of a body part that towards the midline of the body.
Inversion
Rotation of the foot to make the side of the foot face inwards.
Eversion
Rotation of the foot to make the side of the foot face outwards
Rotation
Moving a body part such as the head or trunk around on its long axis.
Circumduction
The circular movement of a body part.
Supnation
The rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the hand to face palm upwards
Pronation
The rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the palm of the hand to face downwards.
Planter flexion
The extension of the ankle movement away from the tibia. Pointing your toes.
Dorsi flexion
The flexion of the ankle. Movement that pulls your toes towards your tibia. Flexing feet.
Concentric
Muscle shortens as it contracts.
Eccentric
Muscle lengthens as it contracts
Isometric
A form of static contraction where the muscle length doesn’t change despite the application of tension. Usually resisting a force like gravity
