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11 PDHPE > Core 2 - CQ1 > Flashcards

Core 2 - CQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

If anatomy is the study of the body structure and relationship between them, then physiology is…?

A

How the body work and its various functions.

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2
Q

The skeletal system consists of…

A

bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage & periosteum (membrane around bones).

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3
Q

The functions of the skeleton and bone tissue are…

A

support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production and storage of energy.

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4
Q

There are 4 MAIN classifications of bones, based on their ‘shape’. What are they?

A

Long, short, flat & irregular.

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5
Q

There are 2 classifications of bones that are classified by their location, rather than shape. What are they?

A

Sesamoid and sutural.

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6
Q

Where are long bones found in the body?

A

Arms and legs.

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7
Q

What are the features of a long bone?

A

Curved shape to absorb shock, long shaft, medullary cavity (contains red bone marrow in children and yellow in adults), 2 end portions (epiphyses) to reduce friction and absorb shock.

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8
Q

How would a short bone be described and where would they be found?

A

Cube shaped and can be found in the wrist, ankles, fingers and toes.

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9
Q

How would a flat bone be described and where would it be found?

A

Flattened out & would be found in skull and breast bone (sternum).

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10
Q

Irregular bones are those that do not fit into the other categories. They are unusually shaped & fit into a variety of positions. What are some examples of these?

A

Vertebrae, facial bones and shoulder blade.

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11
Q

Where would a sesamoid bone be found and what is its function?

A

Embedded in tendons where pressure develops. Eg - patella (knee cap).

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12
Q

Sutural bones are small. Where would they be found?

A

Between the joints of some cranial bones.

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13
Q

The skeleton is divided into two parts; what are they?

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton.

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14
Q

What bones are apart of the axial skeleton?

A

cranium, mandible, clavical, scapula, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum & coccyx.

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15
Q

What bones are apart of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper extremities, pelvic hip gurdle & lower extremities.

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16
Q

The vertebral column is divided into 5 areas. What are they and where are they located?

A

Cervical vertebrae (neck/upper back), thoracic vertebrae (middle back), lumbar vertebrae (lower back), sacrum (base of the spine), coccyx (base of the sacrum/tail bone).

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17
Q

There are 3 parts to make up the skeleton of the hand, What are they are where would you find them?

A

Carpels (wrist), metacarpels (back of palm) & phalanges (fingers).

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18
Q

There are 4 parts that make up the skeleton of the foot. What are they and where would they be found?

A

Calcanaous (heel bone), tarsals (ankle), metatarsels (top of foot), phalanges (toes).

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19
Q

How would you define the word ‘articulate’ when discussing movement?

A

To unite or join. Eg - The tibia and femur articulate at the knee joint.

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20
Q

What is the anatomical term for the front and back view of a diagram?

A

Anterior and posterior.

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21
Q

Joints provide the human body mobility and strength to hold together. There are 3 main classifications of joints that exist in the human body, what are they?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial.

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22
Q

How would you define a fibrous joint?

A

The joints have no joint cavity and are held together by strong connective tissue. They do not move!

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23
Q

How would you define a cartilaginous joint?

A

The joints have no joint cavity and are held together by cartilage. They are slightly moveable!

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24
Q

How would you define synovial joints?

A

The bones have a joint cavity, and they are held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid at the joint cavity.

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25
Q

Where would you find fibrous joints?

A

The cranium

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26
Q

Where would you find cartilaginous joints?

A

The rib cage, between the vertebrae & between the base of the pelvic girdle.

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27
Q

What are the structures of a synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, bursa, tendons and ligaments.

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28
Q

What is the function of the articular capsule?

A

Encloses the joint cavity.

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29
Q

What is the function of the articular cartilage?

A

Connective tissue covering the surface of articulating bones.

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30
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

A secretion that lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage.

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31
Q

What is the function of the bursa?

A

A small sac containing synovial fluid, located at friction sites between bones and tendons.

32
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

Fibrous cords of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

33
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

Dense connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

34
Q

There are 6 types of synovial joints. What are they?

A

Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid/condyloid, saddle, ball and socket.

35
Q

Where would you find a gliding joint and what is the movement associated with it?

A

Movement is side to side or back and forth. Eg; carpals and tarsals.

36
Q

Where would you find a hinge joint and what is the movement associated with it?

A

Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another and movement occurs in one plane. Eg; elbow joint and knee joint.

37
Q

Where would you find a pivot joint and what is the primary movement associated with it?

A

Movement is rotation. Eg; atlas/axis or radius and ulna.

38
Q

Where would you find an ellipsoid/condyloid joint and what is the movement associated with it?

A

Oval shaped condyloid fits into the depression of an ellipsoid. Movement can occur in two planes. Eg; joints between the metacarpals and phalanges.

39
Q

Where would you find a saddle joint and what is the movement associated?

A

Between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb. Synovial movement.

40
Q

Where would you find a ball and socket joint and what is the movement associated with it?

A

A rounded ball like surface of one bone fits into a cup like depression of another. These are very moveable joints. Eg; shoulder/hip joint.

41
Q

The types of movement that occur in joints depend on the type of joint. What are 4 examples of a joint action?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction & adduction

42
Q

Pronation, supination, hyperabduction, plantar flexion & elevation are all examples of what?

A

Joint actions

43
Q

There are three types of muscle tissue in the body, what are they?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle & smooth muscle.

44
Q

Voluntary contraction and being attached to bones is a description of which muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle.

45
Q

The muscle of the heart is known as the…

A

Cardiac muscle

46
Q

The muscles located on the walls of our internal structures are called…

A

Smooth muscle.

47
Q

What are the three functions of muscle tissue?

A

Producing movement, provide stabilisation and generating heat.

48
Q

The origin of a tendon is on the most…………. bone.

A

Stationary

49
Q

The insertion of the tendon is on the most…………….. bone.

A

Moveable.

50
Q

Muscles can be classified functionally into three groups. They are..?

A

Agonist, antagonists and stabilisers.

51
Q

The muscle that provides the main force and causes desired movement is called?

A

Agonist.

52
Q

The muscle that opposes or reverses a particular movement is called?

A

Antagonist.

53
Q

The muscle that aids agonists by promoting the same movement or reducing unnecessary movement or undesired action is known as…?

A

The stabiliser

54
Q

There are two main types of contraction. They are known as..?

A

Isotonic and isometric.

55
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric and eccentric contractions.

56
Q

What is the structure of the respiratory system?

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

57
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing), pulmonary diffusion (exchange of O2 and CO2), transport of respiratory gases & internal respiration.

58
Q

There are 2 types of gaseous exchange. What are they?

A

Internal and external respiration.

59
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

Between the capillaries and the muscle cells.

60
Q

Where does expiration take place?

A

Between the capillaries and the alveoli.

61
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A

Transporting the materials required by muscles to produce contractions, force and action.

62
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transportation of nutrients, O2, CO2, waste products and hormones, creates clotting & protection from disease & acts as a regulator of temperature.

63
Q

What is the structure of the blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets.

64
Q

What is the responsibility of red blood cells?

A

Transportation of oxygen & nutrients.

65
Q

What is the responsibility of the white blood cells?

A

Combat infection and inflammation.

66
Q

What is the responsibility of platelets?

A

Clotting and repair.

67
Q

Their are 2 chambers of the heart. They are named…

A

Atria and ventricles.

68
Q

Each chamber is separated by valves. What is the responsibility of the valves?

A

To prevent back flow of blood and to keep blood flowing in the correct direction.

69
Q

What are the atria responsible for?

A

Collecting blood that is returning to the heart.

70
Q

What are the ventricles responsible for?

A

Propelling blood from the heart into circulation around the body.

71
Q

Arteries carry blood……

A

away from the heart to tissues.

72
Q

Veins carry blood…..

A

from tissues back to the heart.

73
Q

The arteries become smaller at their ends, further away from the heart. Does the pressure of blood travelling through the arteries increase or decrease as it is passed through small vessels?

A

Decreases.

74
Q

Veins structurally have thinner walls. As the blood travels toward the heart does the pressure increase or decrease?

A

Decrease.

75
Q

There are two types of blood circuits. They are known as…?

A

Pulmonary and systemic.

76
Q

The circuit that pumps blood to the left side of the heart out to all body tissues and back to the right side of the heart is known as?

A

Systemic circulation.

77
Q

The circuit that circulates blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, then back to the heart is known as?

A

Pulmonary circulation.

11 PDHPE (1 decks)

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