Core 2 Flashcards
Tell me the directional terms and describe which ways they go.
Superior
Inferior
Posterior
Anterior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
What are the 5 types of bones?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Long bones?
They are longer than they are wide and are usually used for movement because muscles pull on them and cause them to move. Eg femur, humerus, tibia, ulna and radius.
Short bones?
They are mostly cube-like in appearance and as long as they are wide, they primarily serve the body as shock absorbers. Eg the small bones of the hands and feet, tarsals and carpals.
Flat bones?
These are the bones that function to protect the tissues and organs of the body, they also provide a large area for the attachment of muscles and tendons. Eg the skull (protecting the brain), the sternum (protecting the heart), the ribs (protecting the lungs).
Irregular bones?
They are irregular in shape and serve the purpose of functioning as a site for muscle attachment. Eg the vertebrae which attach to the spine.
Sesamoid bones?
They are usually the small bones that are embedded within the tendons, they serve the purpose of protecting the tendon from friction as it rubs against bony surfaces. Eg the patella on the knee.
What is a joint and what are the different types of joints?
A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement. The type and shape of the joint rely on its function. There are 3 types of joints, cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial.
Cartilaginous joint?
In cartilaginous joints, the bone ends are separated by a disc or plate made up of very tough, fibrous cartilage. For example, the joints of your vertebrae, or spine, are separated by this tissue which allows for limited movement.
Fibrous joint?
Fibrous joints occur where bone ends are joined by strong, short bands of fibrous tissue such as in the joints of the skull. This type of joint does not allow for movement to occur.
Synovial joint?
Synovial joints are the joints most relevant to movement in physical activity. The range of movement from synovial joints will be determined by the specific type of synovial joint. Synovial joints are characterised by the following features:
What is cartilage?
Cartilage covers the ends of two meeting bones so that they slide smoothly over each other.
What is a synovial membrane?
The tissues that lines the non-contact parts of the joint capsule it secretes synovial fluid
What is synovial fluid?
Provides nourishment for the cartilage and lubricates the joint.
What are tendons?
Tendons are tough bands of connective tissue that join a muscle to a bone.
What are ligaments?
Are strong, fibrous cord that attaches one bone to another. They provide the stability of a joint, especially during movement.
What are the 5 major types of synovial joints and explain and give examples.
Pivot joint= allows only rotary movement around a single axis, eg, wrist.
Ball & socket joint= allows circumduction movement around a single axis can be found in the hip and the shoulder.
Gliding joint= composed of two smooth surfaces that slide over one another to produce limited movement eg, found in ankles and wrist.
Hinge joint=a type of joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane eg, the elbow.
Condyloid joint= a type of joint that is a modified ball and socket joint that allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements, eg, the wrist.
Flexion
Flexion is the bending movement that causes a decrease in the angle between the bones at the joint. Eg bending the arm at the elbow.
