Core 1 Flashcards
Define trend
A general direction in which something is developing or changing
Define pattern
A repeating sequence of something
Define crude birth rate
Number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year
Reasons for high birth rates
● primary based economy (more children are needed for labor)
● traditional female role (in some cultures, women’s jobs are only to have babies)
● lack of education (some women don’t know about contraceptives)
● need for children caring for elderly (some societies want the children to take care of the elderly in their old ages)
● large families (in some countries, having a large family is traditional)
● pro-natalist policies (the government wants to increase the birth rate)
● High IMR (infant mortality rate)
Reasons for low birth rates
● Availability of contraceptives (people have sex without unplanned babies)
● Good education (people know how to use contraceptives and what’s best for them)
● Low IMR/CMR (less infants and children dying means women don’t need to have more children to compensate for the children that they would’ve had if the IMR/CMRs were higher)
● By delaying marriage, the amount of time for the increasing in wealth for the child increases. This therefore will mean that by the time the child comes the money is more sufficient and there is no need for a couple to have more children to support themselves.
● Developed economy (instead of a primary-based economy where children are needed for labor, a secondary, tertiary, or even quaternary based economy doesn’t require children. Also, families make more money in their own jobs. This also makes children more expensive in society).
● Better care for dependents (children aren’t needed to care for their elders).
Define natural increase
The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during the year.
(crude birth rate minus crudge death rate)
Define crude death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year.
Reasons for high death rates
War Natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, droughts and floods Disease Poor medical care Shortage of clean water and poor hygiene Unhealthy lifestyle
Reasons for low death rates
Improved medical care Immunisation programmes e.g. Small pox Clean and reliable water supply Improved diet (higher calorific intake and healthier diet) Improved sanitation and hygiene Improved exercise
Define infant mortality rate
Crude death rate of infants less than one year of age per 1000 live births a year.
Define child mortality rate
Crude death rate of children below the age of 5 per 1000 children.
Define general fertility rate
Number of births per 1000 from women aged 15-49 a year.
Define total fertility rate
Oxford: Average number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age
IB past paper: Average number of children a woman has during her childbearing years/in her lifetime.
Factors affecting fertility rates
○ Urbanization (family planning and need or want of children)
○ Culture/traditions
○ Healthcare
○ Importance of children (are we assets or are we costly?)
○ Education/Employment opportunities for women
○ Infant Mortality Rate (a country may have a high TFR but their IMR may also be pretty high)
○ Average Age of marriage
○ Availability of abortions and contraceptives
Define age-specific birth rate
The number of birth per 1000 of population for a specific age group e.g. 20 to 25 year olds.
Define annual growth rate
(a-b)/b
where ‘a’ is the population at the end of a period
where ‘b’ is the population at the beginning of a period
Define standardized birth rate
A birth rate for a region on the basis that its age composition is the same throughout
the whole country.
Define life expectancy
Average number of years of life people in a population are expected to live.
Factors affecting life expectancy
○ Sex (women live 5 years longer than men)
○ Residence (depending on where you live, the life expectancy changes. eg. As you go East on London’s Jubilee Line, the life expectancy drops a year.
○ Occupation (some jobs are more dangerous compared to others duh.)
○ Nourishment (undernourished and over-nourished people have bad health and are more likely to die)
○ Accommodation (if you live in a slum or in poverty then there’s generally pretty bad health care)
○ Literacy (people who are illiterate don’t have good education and therefore don’t make the best possible life decisions in terms of health, occupation, housing, etc.
Outline some common characteristics of population pyramids
- A wide base suggests a high birth rate
- A narrowing base indicates a falling birth rate
- Straight/near vertical sides show a low death rate
- A concave slope suggests a high death rate
- Bulges in the slope indicate high rates of in-migration (ie. excess of both male/female could be baby boom; excess males 25-35 years old could be migrants looking for work; excess eldery could indicate a community of retired people)
- Deficits in the slope show out-migration or age-specific/sex-specific deaths (ie. epidemics, war)
Population Pyramid Case Study: Kenya
- chimney shaped population pyramid
- youthful population
- high death rate due to AIDS
- growth rate high
- since women need money, they go into prostitution, leading to AIDS/STI
- notice that the pyramid is skewed; more females die than males due to prostitution
Define doubling time
- The length of time it takes for a population to double in size, assuming its natural growth rate remains constant
- Calculated by dividing 72/growth rate
Define population projection
Predictions about future population based on trends in mortality, fertility and migration.
Why are population projections important?
- Can allocate resources better
- Target specific areas better e.g. medical / education
- Predict future crisis
- Advise NGOs on plans
Factors impacting population projections
- War - wars such as the one in Iraq/Syria can kill people leading to rising death rates, but it can also divide families leading to falling birth rates.
- Natural disaster - large scale disaster like the Indian Ocean Tsunami (26th December 2004) can raise death rates and again reduce the population in the reproductive age range.
- Disease - disease outbreaks like the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa can increase death rates and reduce birth rates.
- New cures - recently there have been trials for malaria vaccines. If these are successful it will drastically reduce death rates. 5. Changes will be equally dramatic if cures are developed for HIV or cancer.
- Climate change - may increase the number of refugees and therefore divide families, but it may also reduce the amount of farmland which may lead to famine.
Stage 1 Demographic Transition Model
- aka high stationary
- high birth rate due to traditional society; need to offset deaths, children are seen as economic assets as they do work for the family, security for parents in their old age
- high death rate due to poor/lacking medical services, poor sanitation allows disease to spread
- small increase in population size (if any)
- examples: isolated regions of the Himalayas, Irian Jaya, central Africa and the interior of South America
Stage 2 Demographic Transition Model
- aka early expanding
- death rate rapidly falls due to improvements in medical services
- high birth rates remain because cultural factors leading to high birth rates remain unchanged (ie. families are used to having many children, children are still economic assets and offer security in old age)
- rapid increase in population size
- examples: Kenya, Paraguay, Afghanistan, Nepal and Ethiopia
Stage 3 Demographic Transition Model
- aka late expanding
- birth rates begin to fall, because farmers realize that large families are no longer necessary to compensate for a high death rate; availability of family planning services; parents favour materialistic goods over large families; women become more involved in the workforce
- death rate continues to decrease, but not as rapidly as in stage 2
- population continues to increase, but at a slower rate than in stage 2
- examples: Malaysia, Irael, China and Chile
