Core 1 Flashcards
Define trend
A general direction in which something is developing or changing
Define pattern
A repeating sequence of something
Define crude birth rate
Number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year
Reasons for high birth rates
● primary based economy (more children are needed for labor)
● traditional female role (in some cultures, women’s jobs are only to have babies)
● lack of education (some women don’t know about contraceptives)
● need for children caring for elderly (some societies want the children to take care of the elderly in their old ages)
● large families (in some countries, having a large family is traditional)
● pro-natalist policies (the government wants to increase the birth rate)
● High IMR (infant mortality rate)
Reasons for low birth rates
● Availability of contraceptives (people have sex without unplanned babies)
● Good education (people know how to use contraceptives and what’s best for them)
● Low IMR/CMR (less infants and children dying means women don’t need to have more children to compensate for the children that they would’ve had if the IMR/CMRs were higher)
● By delaying marriage, the amount of time for the increasing in wealth for the child increases. This therefore will mean that by the time the child comes the money is more sufficient and there is no need for a couple to have more children to support themselves.
● Developed economy (instead of a primary-based economy where children are needed for labor, a secondary, tertiary, or even quaternary based economy doesn’t require children. Also, families make more money in their own jobs. This also makes children more expensive in society).
● Better care for dependents (children aren’t needed to care for their elders).
Define natural increase
The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during the year.
(crude birth rate minus crudge death rate)
Define crude death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year.
Reasons for high death rates
War Natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, droughts and floods Disease Poor medical care Shortage of clean water and poor hygiene Unhealthy lifestyle
Reasons for low death rates
Improved medical care Immunisation programmes e.g. Small pox Clean and reliable water supply Improved diet (higher calorific intake and healthier diet) Improved sanitation and hygiene Improved exercise
Define infant mortality rate
Crude death rate of infants less than one year of age per 1000 live births a year.
Define child mortality rate
Crude death rate of children below the age of 5 per 1000 children.
Define general fertility rate
Number of births per 1000 from women aged 15-49 a year.
Define total fertility rate
Oxford: Average number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age
IB past paper: Average number of children a woman has during her childbearing years/in her lifetime.
Factors affecting fertility rates
○ Urbanization (family planning and need or want of children)
○ Culture/traditions
○ Healthcare
○ Importance of children (are we assets or are we costly?)
○ Education/Employment opportunities for women
○ Infant Mortality Rate (a country may have a high TFR but their IMR may also be pretty high)
○ Average Age of marriage
○ Availability of abortions and contraceptives
Define age-specific birth rate
The number of birth per 1000 of population for a specific age group e.g. 20 to 25 year olds.
Define annual growth rate
(a-b)/b
where ‘a’ is the population at the end of a period
where ‘b’ is the population at the beginning of a period
Define standardized birth rate
A birth rate for a region on the basis that its age composition is the same throughout
the whole country.
Define life expectancy
Average number of years of life people in a population are expected to live.
Factors affecting life expectancy
○ Sex (women live 5 years longer than men)
○ Residence (depending on where you live, the life expectancy changes. eg. As you go East on London’s Jubilee Line, the life expectancy drops a year.
○ Occupation (some jobs are more dangerous compared to others duh.)
○ Nourishment (undernourished and over-nourished people have bad health and are more likely to die)
○ Accommodation (if you live in a slum or in poverty then there’s generally pretty bad health care)
○ Literacy (people who are illiterate don’t have good education and therefore don’t make the best possible life decisions in terms of health, occupation, housing, etc.
Outline some common characteristics of population pyramids
- A wide base suggests a high birth rate
- A narrowing base indicates a falling birth rate
- Straight/near vertical sides show a low death rate
- A concave slope suggests a high death rate
- Bulges in the slope indicate high rates of in-migration (ie. excess of both male/female could be baby boom; excess males 25-35 years old could be migrants looking for work; excess eldery could indicate a community of retired people)
- Deficits in the slope show out-migration or age-specific/sex-specific deaths (ie. epidemics, war)
Population Pyramid Case Study: Kenya
- chimney shaped population pyramid
- youthful population
- high death rate due to AIDS
- growth rate high
- since women need money, they go into prostitution, leading to AIDS/STI
- notice that the pyramid is skewed; more females die than males due to prostitution
Define doubling time
- The length of time it takes for a population to double in size, assuming its natural growth rate remains constant
- Calculated by dividing 72/growth rate
Define population projection
Predictions about future population based on trends in mortality, fertility and migration.
Why are population projections important?
- Can allocate resources better
- Target specific areas better e.g. medical / education
- Predict future crisis
- Advise NGOs on plans