Core 1 Flashcards

Question

High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and Mental health problems

Answer 1

- CVD - Cancer - Diabetes NERD

Answer 2

- All diseases of the heart and blood vessels - Coronary heart disease is most common - Conditions include stroke, heart attack, angina, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease - Build up of fatty tissue on the inside lining of the arteries

Answer 3

TRENDS - Mortality rates decreasing (Both M&F) - 32% of all deaths - Morbidity Rates decreasing (Both M&F) - Leading cause of death - 36% of all deaths in 2010 - 3.4 million Aus have CVD - ATSI die from CVD at 2x the rate - 11% of total health expenditure

Answer 4

- Age - Hereditary - Gender (males more susceptible)

Answer 5

- Smoking (more then 5x more likely) - High Blood pressure (due to high salt diet or overweight) - Lack of physical activity - Influences (alcohol, contraceptive pill and diabetes) - High Cholesterol (high fat diet, overweight)

Answer 6

- Regular Physical Activity - Regular health check-ups - Living in a smoke free zone - Limited alcohol consumption (adult health guidelines) - Managing weight and stress levels - Diet low in salt, saturated fat, cholesterol, minimal consumption of processed foods

Answer 7

- Low SES - Increase in risk behaviors (smoking, excessive alcohol, poor diets, sedentary lifestyles) SE - Access to health food services SE - Access to fitness services SE - Promotion of physical activity (workplace, parks, community) SE - Males less likely to act on warning signals SC - Increasing awareness of risk factors of CVD SC E - Increase in technology has decreased desire to exerciseE - People in rural areas have higher chances due to lack of access E

Answer 8

- SES - ATSI - twice the rate of the Australian total population - People born in Australia - Overweight People - Smokers - People with family history of CVD - People with low levels of education - ATSI - Males - People over the age of 65 - People with High Blood Pressure - Blue-collar workers

Answer 9

- Uncontrollable process of cell division - Some remain localized, others spread to form secondary caners elsewhere - Classified as - carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia or lymphoma - Most common - prostate (M), Breast (F), colorectal, lung and melanoma

Answer 10

TRENDS - Contributes to 30% of all mortality rates - Overall increase in incidence (last 20 years) - Skin Cancer - 2/3 diagnosed by age 70 - Accounts for 80% of all newly diagnosed cancers - Australia has one of the highest rates - Breast Cancer - Mortality decreasing - Survival increasing - No. of women participating in mammograms increasing - Lung Cancer - Leading cause of cancer related deaths

Answer 11

- Age - Hereditary - Gender - Fair Skin

Answer 12

- Smoking (affects the lungs) - Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals (affects lungs) - Excessive exposure to the sun - Females who haven't had a child by 40 risk increases

Answer 13

- Reducing sun consumption - Applying ‘Slip, Slop, Slap, Wrap, Slide’ - Regular check ups (particularly over 50) - Listen to your body and don't ignore warning signs

Answer 14

- Educated people more likely to participate warning signs and preventative methods (breast cancer self-examination) - ^ detection rate = ^ incidence - People marry later = later child birth - Attitudes towards smoking has changed (campaigns, media, legislations) - Improved work place safety (reduced exposure to chemicals) - Change in social attitudes. Staying in the workplace longer, drinking and participating in sexual relationships more acceptable. Affects rates of lung, cervical and liver cancer.

Answer 15

- SES - Smokers - Diets high in fat - Diets low in fibre - People who fail to ‘Slip, Slop, Slap, Slide, Wrap’ - People with excessive exposure in the sun, particularly in the middle of the day - People with fair skin - Women who have not had children (process and breast feeding appear to act as protection - People with a family history

Answer 16

- Can be hereditary or developmental - Disfunction of pancreas resulting in the disturbance of sugar levels in the blood - Resulting in - Hypoglycemia - Insufficient sugar in the blood - Hyperglycemia - Excessive sugar in the blood - 2 types - Type 1 (hereditary) Type 2 (developmental (high fat and sugar diet, overweight, sedentary lifestyle, etc)

Answer 17

TRENDS - Worlds fastest growing disease - Increase in incidence with age - Cause of early mortality - Occurrence increased over last 20 years - Australia’s 7th leading cause of death - Type 1 - increased by 30% in past five years - ATSI 4th highest rate of Type 2 in the world - Over 7% of Australians have Type 2 - 80% of diabetics have type 2 - Type 2 linked with CVD - 1989-1990 rise 26% - 20% of people over 65 have diabetes

Answer 18

- Genetic (type 1) | - Viral Infections

Answer 19

- Diet in high saturated fats - High alcohol consumption - Obesity - High blood pressure

Answer 20

- Testing for diabetes (especially in high-risk areas ATSI) | - Regular physical activity, nutritious diet

Answer 21

- Social acceptance of high levels of alcohol consumption - Australia's ageing population - Impact technology has had in the decrease of physical activity - SES more likely to engage in high-risk behavior (harmful levels of alcohol, high rate of obesity and minimal levels of physical activity) - Accessibility of fast foods (leading to diets low in fibre, high in fat, salt and sugar)

Answer 22

- Over 65 - impaired glucose tolerance - Family history - Overweight - Live a sedentary lifestyle - ATSI - SES - Intake high levels of fat and refined sugar - Frequent alcohol consumption

Answer 23

HIDA - Healthy Aging - Increased Pop Living with Chronic Disease and Disability - Demand for Health Services & Workforce Shortages - Availability of Carers and Volunteers

Answer 24

- ‘Process of optimizing opportunities for physical, social and mental health to enable older people to take active part in society without discrimination and to enjoy an independent and good quality life.’ - Government encourages people to plan for financial security and independence in their later years of life - Government provides services and support for elderly, as well as encourage healthy lifestyle (it will reduce economic burden on them) - Promotion of positive and active ageing - Encourage contributions made by elderly (carers/volunteers) - Programs and initiative for the public

Answer 25

- Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are 2 leading causes of death and major causes of disability - Prevalence of chronic disease ^ with age - Chronic, non communicable disease = 80% of total burden of disease in Aus - Reduced if younger people control more significant risk factors

Answer 26

- Demand has ^ - Gov initiatives (^ residential aged care place, funding for dementia care, attracting, retaining and training of workers) - People suffering poor health unable to contribute to the workforce = shortages - Gov response (Pension available to provide income, employer must provide compulsory superannuation cover for employees, min levels of superannuation cover made by employers is 9% of gross salary, forms of private savings encouraged, financial security and independence encouraged to reduce economic burden)

Answer 27

- Aus workforce not on of paid workers - Carers and volunteers aging with pop - Ppl over 55 contribute $75 billion per annum in unpaid caring and volunteering - of the 50% over 65 - 2010, 2.9 million Aus of 65 volunteered - Little growth in no. of carers -> shortages

Answer 28

Institutional (Essential) - Public/Private/Psychiatric Hospitals - Nursing Homes - Services such as ambulance Non-Institutional (Non Urgent Care) - GP’s - Specialists - Services - dental, optical, pharmaceutical, physiotherapy - Community and public health services - health equipment, aids and appliances - Research organisations - National Health and Medical Research Council

Answer 29

- Commonwealth gov - State and territory gov - Private sector - Local gov/council - Community groups

Answer 30

- Policy development - Funding to states (over 40% of total health funding) - PBS - PBS safety net - Medicare

Answer 31

- Pharmaceuticals Benefit Scheme - OTC accounts 1/3 - patient pays set amount gov subsidises - Increases equity in health care system

Answer 32

- High level residential care - Medical Services - PBS - Health research - Public hospital

Answer 33

- health care and services - Hospital services NSW Hospitals - Mental health problems Mental Health Framework - Home and community care HACC - Provide over 33.3% of of total health funding

Answer 34

Provides services such as private hospitals, dentists and alternative health services

Answer 35

- Environmental control - Monitoring sanitation and hygiene - Food standards from outlets - Waste disposal - Monitoring building standards - Immunization - Meals on Wheels

Answer 36

- Formed on “Local needs” these facilities address specific local problems - e.g. Cancer Council, Dads in Distress, Cancer Support Group, Carers Australia

Answer 37

- fair and equal access - Subsidies and discounts - some still have limited access - those experiencing health inequalities = affected by limited access

Answer 38

- socioeconomic status - knowledge of available service - geographic location - cultural or religious beliefs

Answer 39

- shortage of qualified staff - lack of funding or equipment - waiting list for surgery or other treatment in public hospitals - waiting times in outpatient clinics of emergency departments

Answer 40

- Curative vs prevention - Expenditure includes state and territory gov and private health insurance, households and individuals - 2012 - $121.4 billion - less than 2% spent on public health (preventative health) - Insurance companies recognize the problem and charge higher premiums for smokers Lifestyle factors cause estimated 70% of all premature deaths

Answer 41

- Cost effective (cheaper to pay for checkups than to cure someone with CVD) - Will ^ quality of life (decrease mobility/mortality) - Maintenance of Social Justice (create greater heath equity) - Uses existing structures (Schools, GP’s, etc - Reinforcement of individual responsibility (empowerment)

Answer 42

- Education - Coordination among the various levels of government - Restrictions on advertising - Legislation - Higher taxes on products such as alcohol and tobacco - Provision of support programs

Answer 43

- QUIT - SunSmart - Stop/Revive/Survive - Drink Driving campaigns - National cervical and breast cancer screening program (maximize early detection, Targets 50-69, state and territory gov responsible, mortality declined from 62 deaths per 100 000 women in 1996, to 52 in 2005)

Answer 44

- Diagnostic and treatment tools - e.g. keyhole surgery, ultra sounds, MRI etc

Answer 45

- high costs - fall under public health - Inequitable access -> costs (socioeconomic) Location (environmental)

Answer 46

- Reduction of costs - e.g. Breast cancer screening -> early detection -> larger survival rates - Therefore the less treatment the lesser the overall cost which in turn will increase an individuals quality of life

Answer 47

- Commonwealth Government | - Taxpayers (1.5%)

Answer 48

- Levy or tax linked to salary

Answer 49

- Basic medical services (doctors and specialist) - Choice of general practitioner - Basic hospital services - Specialist health care - Cover for 85% of the scheduled fee for medical services

Answer 50

- Some out of pocket payments - Large waiting lists - No doctor of choice

Answer 51

- Individual

Answer 52

- Monthly premiums for various forms of cover

Answer 53

- Shorter waiting times - Hospital Cover - hospital services - doctor of choice - hospital of choice - private or public hospitals - Ancillary services - e.g. dental, optical, chiropractic - Some special benefits - e.g. sports equipment - Cover while overseas"

Answer 54

- High Costs

Answer 55

- ^ desire for holistic approach - Recognition of alternative medicines - ^ knowledge about available services - WHO acknowledgement - ^ migration - brings knowledge and skills -> ^ acceptance by Aus of new ways - Desire for herbal and natural medicines - Strength of traditional beliefs

Answer 56

Acupuncture - Inserting thin needles into the body to stimulate mind and bodies healing Chiropractic - Manipulation of bones, muscles and joints to correct alignment Massage - Reduces blood pressure, stress and anxiety levels induce relaxation Meditation - State of inner stillness

Answer 57

- Research service and practitioner - Ask questions - What do they offer - What are the benefits - What qualifications - What are the costs - Can it be combined with modern medicines - The nature of alternative medicines - The credibility of the medicine in its effectiveness - The qualifications and experience of the practitioner - Listen to recommendations from friend, family and people you trust - See if they have been recognized by WHO - Do your research and see if the treatment seems to be right for you and any critiques on the practitioner

Answer 58

- Individuals - Schools - Workplace - Media, advertisements - Community Groups - Local, State and Federal Government - Non-Government organisations

Answer 59

Individuals may have barriers that make healthy decisions hard: - Low Education - Poor literacy = hard to recognize symptoms of an illness - Low Income - Hard to buy fruit and veg - Socio-Cultural - Parents might not exercise - Instill poor health habits - Rural or Remote - Limited access

Answer 60

A framework for effective health promotion | Based on the social justice principles of equity, diversity and supportive environments

Answer 61

Developing Personal Skills - Individual to make informed decisions - Education powerful medium e. g. NTS - info online, school PDHPE lessons

Answer 62

Reorienting Health Services - Encouraging health sectors to move from curative to health promotion/preventative e. g. NTS - 'life scripts' about importance of quitting, train and release multilingual health professionals

Answer 63

Strengthening Community Action - Empowering the community e. g. NTS - ATSI ex-smoker elder talk to group of ATSI smokers (more inclined to listen)

Answer 64

Building Healthy Public Policies - Laws and Legislations e. g. NTS - high tax on tobacco, no smoking indoors legislation

Answer 65

Creating Supportive Environments - Making the place around an individual push toward positive changes e. g. NTS - smoke free environments (less opportunity to smoke and inhale secondary smoke)