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PDHPE - 12 > Core 1 > Flashcards

Core 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Epidemiology

A
  • Provides info on the distribution of disease, illness and injury
  • Focuses on the likely causes within groups of population
  • Does not account for determinants
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2
Q

Mortality Rate

A

Measures of the number of deaths from a specific cause in a given amount of time

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3
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Measures of the annual number of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

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4
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Average number of years a person of a given age and gender can expect to live

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5
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

Provide information about the level of disease in specific populations. Main indicators are prevalence (no. of cases of disease in a population at a specific time) and incidence (no. of new cases of disease occurring in a population)

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6
Q

What does Epidemiology tell us

A

Considers the patterns (prevalence and incidence) of disease as well as the apparent causes among population groups. - CVD prev and trend is a decrease

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7
Q

Who uses Epi?

A
  • International Organisations
  • Government agencies and organisations
  • Non-government organisations
  • Politicians
  • Manufactures of health products
  • Health care services
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8
Q

Limitations of Epi?

A
  • Doesn’t include quality of life
  • Doesn’t distinguish population subgroups
  • No ‘Whole’ health picture
  • No why inequalities exist
  • No determinants - social, economic, environmental, cultural
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9
Q

Two indicators of Morbidity

A

Hospital use - admissions, does not account for readmissions

Medicare statistics - amount of time individual uses card

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10
Q

Identifying National Priority Health Status

A

PPPCCS

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11
Q

Priority Population Groups

A

ADORES

  • Study of groups combined with Social Justice Principles PEARD
  • Insight into existing health needs
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12
Q

Prevalence of condition

A
  • No. of cases at specific time
  • Cancer - 1989 and 2009 death rates -> decreased by 23% males and 17% females
  • Diabetes - Pop 1989-1990 and 2007-2008 -> more than doubled
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13
Q

Potential for Prevention and Early Intervention

A
  • Change through behavioural habits

- Change through environmental modifications

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14
Q

Cost to the Individual

A

PhysicalEmotionalFinacialSocial

  • Costs involved due to condition
  • Impact on individual, family, friends
  • Direct and Indirect
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15
Q

Costs to the Community

A

PhysicalEmotionalFinacialSocial

- Costs on community - Health expenditure (ageing pop, medicare, health insurance, illness prevention)

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16
Q

Social Justice Principles

A

PEARD

  • Reducing inequalities in health
  • PARTICIPATION - empowerment
  • EQUITY - access to health services
  • ACCESS - water supply, sanitation, send to school
  • RIGHTS - the rights to ^^^
  • DIVERSITY - Beliefs, values and attitudes
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17
Q

A

A

ATSI

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18
Q

ATSI nature

A
  • life expectancy 12 years less than other australians

- 8-10 more likely to die from diabetes

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19
Q

ATSI determinats

A
  • Poor living conditions/lack of basics (access to health services and education, clean water, unemployment, low SES)
  • Lack of access and facilities
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20
Q

ATSI Roles in addressing the issues

A
  • ‘Aus Gov Healthy for Life Program‘ - enhance primary
    health, child and maternal care
  • Elders working with the community
  • Rudd government 2008 ‘The Apology‘ speech and ‘Closing the Gap‘ strategy
  • Education expenditure 18% higher
  • Health expenditure 17% higher
  • Policies introduced (equal pay, self-determination, self-management, land rights, native title and reconciliation)
  • Scholarships for private education
  • Improving access
  • Diabetes aus “Keep Culture Life and Family Strong: Know Early About Diabetes‘ resource
  • Development of ‘Live now and have hope for the future booklet‘
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21
Q

S

A

Socio-economially disadvantaged

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22
Q

SED nature

A
  • Greater infant mortality
  • Increased mortality overall
  • Heightened levels of CVD
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23
Q

SED determinants

A
  • limited access to ongoing health care
  • Decreased participation in early prevention (check ups)
  • Minimal response to immediate signs of sickness
  • Unemployment
  • Higher smoking rates (Lung cancer)
  • Increased obesity
  • Less education (narrowed knowledge on impacts of health issues, i.e. blood pressure, cholesterol levels, weight)
  • Higher rates of unemployment

Less access to physical activity and fitness pursuits

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24
Q

SED roles in addressing the issues

A
  • Provision of baby health care clinics, awareness and
    management (post-natal depression, antenatal classes,education)
  • Government National Health strategies and funding
    decrease prevalence of smokers, unhealthy body weight,
    don’t meet national guide lines physical activity
  • Health Education (PDHPE, Preventative programs, work
    place incentives)
  • Australian guidelines to healthy eating and physical activity
  • Campaigns to create smoke free zones
  • Quit smoking course and support
  • NSW Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (2004)
  • Heart Foundation initiatives, national goals and targets
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25
Q

High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and Mental health problems

A
  • CVD
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes
    NERD
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26
Q

CVD nature

A
  • All diseases of the heart and blood vessels
  • Coronary heart disease is most common
  • Conditions include stroke, heart attack, angina, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease
  • Build up of fatty tissue on the inside lining of the arteries
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27
Q

CVD extent

A

TRENDS

  • Mortality rates decreasing (Both M&F) - 32% of all deaths
  • Morbidity Rates decreasing (Both M&F) - Leading cause of death
  • 36% of all deaths in 2010
  • 3.4 million Aus have CVD
  • ATSI die from CVD at 2x the rate
  • 11% of total health expenditure
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28
Q

CVD risk and protective - Non-Mod

A
  • Age
  • Hereditary
  • Gender (males more susceptible)
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29
Q

CVD risk and protective - Mod

A
  • Smoking (more then 5x more likely)
  • High Blood pressure (due to high salt diet or overweight)
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Influences (alcohol, contraceptive pill and diabetes)
  • High Cholesterol (high fat diet, overweight)
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30
Q

CVD risk and protective - Protective

A
  • Regular Physical Activity
  • Regular health check-ups
  • Living in a smoke free zone
  • Limited alcohol consumption (adult health guidelines)
  • Managing weight and stress levels
  • Diet low in salt, saturated fat, cholesterol, minimal consumption of processed foods
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31
Q

CVD determiants

A
  • Low SES - Increase in risk behaviors (smoking, excessive alcohol, poor diets, sedentary lifestyles) SE
  • Access to health food services SE
  • Access to fitness services SE
  • Promotion of physical activity (workplace, parks, community) SE
  • Males less likely to act on warning signals SC
  • Increasing awareness of risk factors of CVD SC E
  • Increase in technology has decreased desire to exerciseE
  • People in rural areas have higher chances due to lack of access E
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32
Q

CVD sup-groups

A
  • SES
  • ATSI - twice the rate of the Australian total population
  • People born in Australia
  • Overweight People
  • Smokers
  • People with family history of CVD
  • People with low levels of education
  • ATSI
  • Males
  • People over the age of 65
  • People with High Blood Pressure
  • Blue-collar workers
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33
Q

Cancer nature

A
  • Uncontrollable process of cell division
  • Some remain localized, others spread to form secondary caners elsewhere
  • Classified as - carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia or lymphoma
  • Most common - prostate (M), Breast (F), colorectal, lung and melanoma
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34
Q

Cancer extent

A

TRENDS

  • Contributes to 30% of all mortality rates
  • Overall increase in incidence (last 20 years)
  • Skin Cancer - 2/3 diagnosed by age 70
  • Accounts for 80% of all newly diagnosed cancers
  • Australia has one of the highest rates
  • Breast Cancer - Mortality decreasing
  • Survival increasing
  • No. of women participating in mammograms increasing
  • Lung Cancer - Leading cause of cancer related deaths
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35
Q

Cancer risk and protective - Non-Mod

A
  • Age
  • Hereditary
  • Gender
  • Fair Skin
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36
Q

Cancer risk and protective - Mod

A
  • Smoking (affects the lungs)
  • Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals (affects lungs)
  • Excessive exposure to the sun
  • Females who haven’t had a child by 40 risk increases
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37
Q

Cancer risk and protective - Protective

A
  • Reducing sun consumption
  • Applying ‘Slip, Slop, Slap, Wrap, Slide’
  • Regular check ups (particularly over 50)
  • Listen to your body and don’t ignore warning signs
38
Q

Cancer determinants

A
  • Educated people more likely to participate warning signs and preventative methods (breast cancer self-examination) - ^ detection rate = ^ incidence
  • People marry later = later child birth
  • Attitudes towards smoking has changed (campaigns, media, legislations)
  • Improved work place safety (reduced exposure to chemicals)
  • Change in social attitudes. Staying in the workplace longer, drinking and participating in sexual relationships more acceptable. Affects rates of lung, cervical and liver cancer.
39
Q

Cancer sub-groups

A
  • SES
  • Smokers
  • Diets high in fat
  • Diets low in fibre
  • People who fail to ‘Slip, Slop, Slap, Slide, Wrap’
  • People with excessive exposure in the sun, particularly in the middle of the day
  • People with fair skin
  • Women who have not had children (process and breast feeding appear to act as protection
  • People with a family history
40
Q

Diabetes nature

A
  • Can be hereditary or developmental
  • Disfunction of pancreas resulting in the disturbance of sugar levels in the blood
  • Resulting in - Hypoglycemia - Insufficient sugar in the blood
  • Hyperglycemia - Excessive sugar in the blood
  • 2 types - Type 1 (hereditary) Type 2 (developmental (high fat and sugar diet, overweight, sedentary lifestyle, etc)
41
Q

Diabetes extent

A

TRENDS

  • Worlds fastest growing disease
  • Increase in incidence with age
  • Cause of early mortality
  • Occurrence increased over last 20 years
  • Australia’s 7th leading cause of death
  • Type 1 - increased by 30% in past five years
  • ATSI 4th highest rate of Type 2 in the world
  • Over 7% of Australians have Type 2
  • 80% of diabetics have type 2
  • Type 2 linked with CVD
  • 1989-1990 rise 26%
  • 20% of people over 65 have diabetes
42
Q

Diabetes risk and protective - Non-Mod

A
  • Genetic (type 1)

- Viral Infections

43
Q

Diabetes risk and protective - Mod

A
  • Diet in high saturated fats
  • High alcohol consumption
  • Obesity
  • High blood pressure
44
Q

Diabetes risk and protective - Protective

A
  • Testing for diabetes (especially in high-risk areas ATSI)

- Regular physical activity, nutritious diet

45
Q

Diabetes determinants

A
  • Social acceptance of high levels of alcohol consumption
  • Australia’s ageing population
  • Impact technology has had in the decrease of physical activity
  • SES more likely to engage in high-risk behavior (harmful levels of alcohol, high rate of obesity and minimal levels of physical activity)
  • Accessibility of fast foods (leading to diets low in fibre, high in fat, salt and sugar)
46
Q

Diabetes sub-groups (type 2)

A
  • Over 65
  • impaired glucose tolerance
  • Family history
  • Overweight
  • Live a sedentary lifestyle
  • ATSI
  • SES
  • Intake high levels of fat and refined sugar
  • Frequent alcohol consumption
47
Q

A growing and aging population

A

HIDA

  • Healthy Aging
  • Increased Pop Living with Chronic Disease and Disability
  • Demand for Health Services & Workforce Shortages
  • Availability of Carers and Volunteers
48
Q

Healthy Aging

A
  • ‘Process of optimizing opportunities for physical, social and mental health to enable older people to take active part in society without discrimination and to enjoy an independent and good quality life.’
  • Government encourages people to plan for financial security and independence in their later years of life
  • Government provides services and support for elderly, as well as encourage healthy lifestyle (it will reduce economic burden on them)
  • Promotion of positive and active ageing
  • Encourage contributions made by elderly (carers/volunteers)
  • Programs and initiative for the public
49
Q

^ Pop Living with Chronic Disease and Disability

A
  • Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are 2 leading causes of death and major causes of disability
  • Prevalence of chronic disease ^ with age
  • Chronic, non communicable disease = 80% of total burden of disease in Aus
  • Reduced if younger people control more significant risk factors
50
Q

Demand for Health Services & Workforce Shortages

A
  • Demand has ^
  • Gov initiatives (^ residential aged care place, funding for dementia care, attracting, retaining and training of workers)
  • People suffering poor health unable to contribute to the workforce = shortages
  • Gov response (Pension available to provide income, employer must provide compulsory superannuation cover for employees, min levels of superannuation cover made by
    employers is 9% of gross salary, forms of private savings
    encouraged, financial security and independence encouraged to reduce economic burden)
51
Q

Availability of Carers and Volunteers

A
  • Aus workforce not on of paid workers
  • Carers and volunteers aging with pop
  • Ppl over 55 contribute $75 billion per annum in unpaid caring and volunteering - of the 50% over 65
  • 2010, 2.9 million Aus of 65 volunteered
  • Little growth in no. of carers -> shortages
52
Q

Range and Types - health care facilities

A

Institutional (Essential)
- Public/Private/Psychiatric Hospitals
- Nursing Homes
- Services such as ambulance
Non-Institutional (Non Urgent Care)
- GP’s
- Specialists
- Services - dental, optical, pharmaceutical, physiotherapy
- Community and public health services - health equipment, aids and appliances
- Research organisations - National Health and Medical Research Council

53
Q

Responsibility - HCF

A
  • Funding
54
Q

Responsibly groups

A
  • Commonwealth gov
  • State and territory gov
  • Private sector
  • Local gov/council
  • Community groups
55
Q

Commonwealth gov

A
  • Policy development
  • Funding to states (over 40% of total health funding)
  • PBS
  • PBS safety net
  • Medicare
56
Q

PBS

A
  • Pharmaceuticals Benefit Scheme
  • OTC accounts 1/3
  • patient pays set amount gov subsidises
  • Increases equity in health care system
57
Q

Commonwealth gov - major funding

A
  • High level residential care
  • Medical Services - PBS
  • Health research
  • Public hospital
58
Q

State and Territory gov

A
  • health care and services
  • Hospital services NSW Hospitals
  • Mental health problems Mental Health Framework
  • Home and community care HACC
  • Provide over 33.3% of of total health funding
59
Q

Private sector

A

Provides services such as private hospitals, dentists and alternative health services

60
Q

Local gov/council

A
  • Environmental control
  • Monitoring sanitation and hygiene
  • Food standards from outlets
  • Waste disposal
  • Monitoring building standards
  • Immunization
  • Meals on Wheels
61
Q

Community groups

A
  • Formed on “Local needs” these facilities address specific local problems
  • e.g. Cancer Council, Dads in Distress, Cancer Support Group, Carers Australia
62
Q

Equity of access

A
  • fair and equal access
  • Subsidies and discounts
  • some still have limited access
  • those experiencing health inequalities = affected by limited access
63
Q

Ability to access

A
  • socioeconomic status
  • knowledge of available service
  • geographic location
  • cultural or religious beliefs
64
Q

Equity of facilities affected by

A
  • shortage of qualified staff
  • lack of funding or equipment
  • waiting list for surgery or other treatment in public hospitals
  • waiting times in outpatient clinics of emergency departments
65
Q

Health care expenditure vs early intervention and prevention

A
  • Curative vs prevention
  • Expenditure includes state and territory gov and private health insurance, households and individuals - 2012 - $121.4 billion
  • less than 2% spent on public health (preventative health)
  • Insurance companies recognize the problem and charge higher premiums for smokers
    Lifestyle factors cause estimated 70% of all premature deaths
66
Q

Reasons for public health

A
  • Cost effective (cheaper to pay for checkups than to cure someone with CVD)
  • Will ^ quality of life (decrease mobility/mortality)
  • Maintenance of Social Justice (create greater heath equity)
  • Uses existing structures (Schools, GP’s, etc
  • Reinforcement of individual responsibility (empowerment)
67
Q

Strategies for public health

A
  • Education
  • Coordination among the various levels of government
  • Restrictions on advertising
  • Legislation
  • Higher taxes on products such as alcohol and tobacco
  • Provision of support programs
68
Q

Programs for public health

A
  • QUIT
  • SunSmart
  • Stop/Revive/Survive
  • Drink Driving campaigns
  • National cervical and breast cancer screening program (maximize early detection, Targets 50-69, state and territory gov responsible, mortality declined from 62 deaths per 100 000 women in 1996, to 52 in 2005)
69
Q

New technology - health care

A
  • Diagnostic and treatment tools - e.g. keyhole surgery, ultra sounds, MRI etc
70
Q

Cost and access to new technology

A
  • high costs
  • fall under public health
  • Inequitable access -> costs (socioeconomic) Location (environmental)
71
Q

Benefits of early detection

A
  • Reduction of costs
  • e.g. Breast cancer screening -> early detection -> larger survival rates
  • Therefore the less treatment the lesser the overall cost which in turn will increase an individuals quality of life
72
Q

Medicare who pays?

A
  • Commonwealth Government

- Taxpayers (1.5%)

73
Q

Medicare how is it paid for?

A
  • Levy or tax linked to salary
74
Q

Medicare what are the benefits?

A
  • Basic medical services (doctors and specialist)
  • Choice of general practitioner
  • Basic hospital services
  • Specialist health care
  • Cover for 85% of the scheduled fee for medical services
75
Q

Medicare disadvantages?

A
  • Some out of pocket payments
  • Large waiting lists
  • No doctor of choice
76
Q

Private health insurance who pays?

A
  • Individual
77
Q

Private health insurance how is it paid for?

A
  • Monthly premiums for various forms of cover
78
Q

Private health insurance what are the benefits?

A
  • Shorter waiting times
  • Hospital Cover
    • hospital services
    • doctor of choice
    • hospital of choice
    • private or public hospitals
  • Ancillary services - e.g. dental, optical, chiropractic
  • Some special benefits - e.g. sports equipment
  • Cover while overseas”
79
Q

Private health insurance disadvantages?

A
  • High Costs
80
Q

Reasons for growth of alternative medicine

A
  • ^ desire for holistic approach
  • Recognition of alternative medicines
  • ^ knowledge about available services
  • WHO acknowledgement
  • ^ migration - brings knowledge and skills -> ^ acceptance by Aus of new ways
  • Desire for herbal and natural medicines
  • Strength of traditional beliefs
81
Q

Range of alternative

A

Acupuncture - Inserting thin needles into the body to stimulate mind and bodies healing
Chiropractic - Manipulation of bones, muscles and joints to correct alignment
Massage - Reduces blood pressure, stress and anxiety levels induce relaxation
Meditation - State of inner stillness

82
Q

How to make informed choices

A
  • Research service and practitioner
  • Ask questions
  • What do they offer
  • What are the benefits
  • What qualifications
  • What are the costs
  • Can it be combined with modern medicines
  • The nature of alternative medicines
  • The credibility of the medicine in its effectiveness
  • The qualifications and experience of the practitioner
  • Listen to recommendations from friend, family and people you trust
  • See if they have been recognized by WHO
  • Do your research and see if the treatment seems to be right for you and any critiques on the practitioner
83
Q

Levels of responsibility in OTTAWA

A
  • Individuals
  • Schools
  • Workplace
  • Media, advertisements
  • Community Groups
  • Local, State and Federal Government
  • Non-Government organisations
84
Q

Social Justice ADORES

A

Individuals may have barriers that make healthy decisions hard:

  • Low Education - Poor literacy = hard to recognize symptoms of an illness
  • Low Income - Hard to buy fruit and veg
  • Socio-Cultural - Parents might not exercise - Instill poor health habits
  • Rural or Remote - Limited access
85
Q

OTTAWA

A

A framework for effective health promotion

Based on the social justice principles of equity, diversity and supportive environments

86
Q

D

A

Developing Personal Skills

  • Individual to make informed decisions
  • Education powerful medium
    e. g. NTS - info online, school PDHPE lessons
87
Q

R

A

Reorienting Health Services

  • Encouraging health sectors to move from curative to health promotion/preventative
    e. g. NTS - ‘life scripts’ about importance of quitting, train and release multilingual health professionals
88
Q

S

A

Strengthening Community Action

  • Empowering the community
    e. g. NTS - ATSI ex-smoker elder talk to group of ATSI smokers (more inclined to listen)
89
Q

B

A

Building Healthy Public Policies

  • Laws and Legislations
    e. g. NTS - high tax on tobacco, no smoking indoors legislation
90
Q

C

A

Creating Supportive Environments

  • Making the place around an individual push toward positive changes
    e. g. NTS - smoke free environments (less opportunity to smoke and inhale secondary smoke)

PDHPE - 12 (1 decks)

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