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Coral Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

Coralite

A

1) skeletal cup formed by individual polyp

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2
Q

Calyx

A

2) Depression of the corallite cup

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3
Q

Coenosteum

A

stony skeletal material secreted by the coenosarc

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4
Q

Septa

A

one of the radiating vertical plates lying within the corallite wall

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5
Q

Septa-costa

A
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6
Q

Columella

A
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7
Q

Calicoblastic epithelium

A
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8
Q

Verruca

A
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9
Q

Desmocytes

A
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10
Q

Theca

A
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11
Q

Coenosarc

A
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12
Q

Tentacles

A
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13
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A
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14
Q

Cerioid

A
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15
Q

Plocoid

A
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16
Q

Dendroid

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17
Q

Phaceloid

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18
Q

Flabelloid (Flabellate)

A
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19
Q

Meandroid

A
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20
Q

Fungioid

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21
Q

Hydnophorid

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22
Q

Thamnasteroid

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23
Q

Massive

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24
Q

Columnar

A
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25
Q

Encrusting

A
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26
Q

Foliaceous

A
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27
Q

Branching

A
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28
Q

Laminar

A
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29
Q

Turbinate

A
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30
Q

Tabulate

A
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31
Q

Solitary

A
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32
Q

Order Stolonifera

A

1) From subclass octocorallia/alcyonaria
2) “To have stolons”
3) aka Mat polyps
4) Polyps connected by stolons, combined stolons form mat

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33
Q

Stolons

A

1) Rootlike runners from certain soft coral polyps
2) Aid in substrate adhesion, asexual reproduction, inter-colonia communication

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34
Q

Order Telestaceae

A

1) From subclass alcyonaria/octocorallia
2) “Snowflake corals”
3) Fouling organism

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35
Q

Order Pennatulaceae

A

1) Sea pens
2) Genus Renilla
3) Bioluminescence
4) Has rachis
5) Primary and secondary polyp

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36
Q

Primary polyp

A

1) Develops into rachis
2) Coral larva that has settled on hard surface and transformed into coral colony

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37
Q

Autozooid

A
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38
Q

Rachis

A

1) sea pen stalk
2) specialized poly for sea pen

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39
Q

Order Coenthecalia/Helioporacea

A

1) Has biliverdin (blue pigment in veins)

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40
Q

Mesentery

A

1) Contain nematocysts
2) Tissue partitions in polyps
3) provide structure, increase surface area, digestion, reproduction

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41
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
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42
Q

Desmonene

A

1) Nematocyst w/o toxin
2) only wraps around prey
3) type of volvent

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43
Q

Biliverdin

A

1) Order coenthecalia/helioporacea
2) Blue pigment in veins
3) Made by taking iron from water

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44
Q

Physical damage

A
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45
Q

Costa

A
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46
Q

Order Gorgonaceae

A

1) Whip corals, sea feathers, sea fans, red coral
2) Hormone derivatives (birth control pills), anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor
3) 2 different-sized surface areas
4) “blowing in the wind”

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47
Q

Order Alcyonaceae/octocorallia

A

1) “soft corals”
2) Massive mushroom shape or encrusting
3) rubbery coenenchyme acting as substrate for colony instead of calcareous skeleton
4) Skeleton is fused calcareous spicules embedded in conenenchyme

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48
Q

Spicules

A

1) aka sclerite
2) small skeletal inclusion or Ca2+ body that aids in supporting the body structure of soft corals
3) Aids in taxonomic distinction

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49
Q

Antipatharia

A

1) Black coral
2) Hawaii state gem

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50
Q

Corallimorpahira

A
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51
Q

Pedal laceration

A

When tissue is pinched off the pedal disk and develops new polyps

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52
Q

Polyp bailout

A
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53
Q

Verrucae

A
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54
Q

Papillae

A
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55
Q

Coral disease

A
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56
Q

Polystomatous

A
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57
Q

Sediment damage

A

1) Caused by storms, land-base runoff, exposure

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58
Q

Corallivores

A

1) Ancanthaster planci
2) Parrotfish
3) Moorish idols

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59
Q

Etiological agent

A

Pathogen or other things that causes/leads to disease

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60
Q

Black band disease

A

1) Black mat slowly moves across
2) leaves bare skeleton
3) Leads to algae growth
4) Lack of O2 and exposure to H2S
5) caused by stress due to sedimentation, high nutrients. warmer temps

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61
Q

White band disease

A

1) Type 1 and type 2
2) found in acroporids

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62
Q

Shut down reaction

A

1) from existing WBD
2) highly contagious
3) not always considered a coral disease
4) Rare in wild

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63
Q

Red band disease

A
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64
Q

Rapid wasting disease

A

1) irreg. shaped patches of exposed white skeleton

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65
Q

White plague

A
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66
Q

White pox

A
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67
Q

Yellow blotch

A
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68
Q

Dark spot disease

A
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69
Q

Coral tumors

A

1) Hyperplasia
2) Neoplasia

70
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cell, increase in bulk of tissue or organ

71
Q

Neoplasia

A

formation/growth of undifferentiated mass of cells

72
Q

Bacterial farms

A
73
Q

Limiting nutrients

A

1) Nutrient is short in supply, limiting growth and reproduction

74
Q

DON

A

1) Dissolved organic nitrogen
2) Used to estimate coral reef metabolism
3) High levels of nitrate/ammonium recycling

75
Q

Hermatypic non-scleractinians

A
76
Q

Spawning cues

A

1) water temperature
2) illumination/tides
3) chemical cues

77
Q

Gonochoric

A

Separate structure for separate sexes

78
Q

Papillae

A
79
Q

Assisted evolution

A

Scientists actively intervene to speed up natural evolutionary processes

80
Q

Heat-adapted

A

1) Heat-adapted clades of zooxanthellae
2) Coral evolved in labs setting to withstand higher water temperatures

81
Q

Genetically engineered corals

A
82
Q

Corallum

A
83
Q

Hypostomes

A
84
Q

Zoanthidae

A
85
Q

Ceriantharia

A
86
Q

Actinaria

A
87
Q

Siphonoglyph

A

Ciliated groove in the mouth, moves H2O into the pharynx, via GVC

88
Q

Zoantharia

A
89
Q

Alcyonaria

A
90
Q

Acontia

A

Defensive organs made up of stinging cells

91
Q

Organpipe coral

A
92
Q

Button polyps

A
93
Q

Mat polyps

A
94
Q

Palytoxin

A
95
Q

Colonial cnidarians

A
96
Q

Sea pens

A
97
Q

Rachis

A
98
Q

Autozooids

A
99
Q

Bilverdin

A
100
Q

Sea fans

A
101
Q

Soft corals

A
102
Q

Spicules

A
103
Q

“Cure disease”

A
104
Q

Mushroom corals

A
105
Q

Anemones

A
106
Q

Hexacorallia

A

1) aka Zoantharia
2) polyps are 6 or multiples of 6

107
Q

Octocorallia

A

1) Aka alcyonaria
2) “soft corals”
3) 8 polyps, complete mesentaries, 8 primary septa
4) Look like jacks

108
Q

Sclerites

A
109
Q

Anthozoa characteristics

A

1) No medusa stage
2) Different polyps (mouth extends into pharynx and then into mesenteries)
3) Acontia, siphnoglyph
4) Sexual and asexual reproduction

110
Q

Polyp dimorphism

A
111
Q

Axial rod

A
112
Q

Incomplete septa

A
113
Q

Biogeochemistry

A

1) Study of biologically mediated chemical compounds that influence geological processes
2) Pathways reflect those of a plankton system
3) Carbon-nutrient flux relationships

114
Q

Nutrient exchange

A

1) Takes place close to reefs
2) Exchange of nutrients between corals and surrounding waters

115
Q

Primary productivity

A

1) Rate at which organisms make their food from inorganic materials
2) Strongly influenced by light

116
Q

C:N:P Ratios

A

1) Redfield ratio
2) 106:16:1
3) Uniform throughout all oceans

117
Q

Broadcast spawning

A
118
Q

Branchlet dropping

A
119
Q

Hybridization

A

1) cross-fertilization between species
2) unidirectional
3) deterred by release timing

120
Q

Corallum rubrum

A
121
Q

Mass transfer and balance

A

1) Theory of mass transfer
2) substances move from high concentration to low concentration
3) Net growth of reef community controlled by mass transfer of phosphate

122
Q

Michaelis-Menton kinetics

A

1) Rate of enzyme reactions

123
Q

Clones

A

1) Cnidarian clones
2) allows colonies to maximize surface to volume ratio and grow larger

124
Q

Bioactive compounds

A
125
Q

Burrowing anemones

A
126
Q

Top 3 hermatypic coral families

A

1) Acroporidae
2) Pocilloporidae
3) Portidae

127
Q

Scleractinia

A
128
Q

Cnidocil

A
129
Q

Ptychocysts

A

1) type of cnidae
2) pleated
3) Material for ceriantharians tubes

130
Q

Penetrant

A

1) type of nematocyst
2) harpoon-like
3) penetrates

131
Q

Volvent

A

1) type of nematocyst
2) lasso-like string, wraps around cellular projection on prey

132
Q

Innate and acquired immuniy

A
133
Q

r and k- strategy

A

1) K = brooders (internal)
2) r = spawners (external)
3) Difference in how gametes come into contact with one another

134
Q

Chemical competition

A
135
Q

Sweeper tentacles

A
136
Q

Orientated translocation

A
137
Q

Recruitment vs. reproduction

A
138
Q

Asexual vs. sexual reproduction

A
139
Q

Brooders

A

1) K strategists
2) eggs fertilized internally, embryo develops into planula stage inside polyp
3) Larvae immediately competent

140
Q

Intratentacular budding

A
141
Q

Fragmentation

A
142
Q

What are the two Alcyonarians that are hermatypic?

A
143
Q

Exportation of nitrogen

A

1) Reefs have high rates of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification
2) reefs have NO tendency towards nitrogen exportation

144
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

1) The percentage of energy that is passed from one trophic level to the next in the food chain/web
2) High ecological efficiency is required to support biomasses in higher trophic levels

145
Q

Selective breeding

A

ex: aquaculture

146
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A

1) Protandric and protogynous
2) male then female; female then male
3) Has both male and female structures
4) favorable in small populations

147
Q

Gorgonin

A

1) Order gorgonacae
2) Central axial rod of proteins

148
Q

Barriers to self-fertilization

A
149
Q

Acrosphere

A
150
Q

Hypostome

A
151
Q

Red coral

A

1) Order gorgonacae (subclass alcyonaria/octo)
2) Gorgonin replaced with red fused spicules
3) Found in holes/crevices

152
Q

Hawaiian state gem

A

1) Black coral
2) Antipatharians

153
Q

Polystomatous

A
154
Q

Primary and secondary polyps

A
155
Q

“Blowing in the wind”

A
156
Q

Labial and marginal whorls

A
157
Q

Nematocysts

A
158
Q

Cnidocytes

A

1) Cell type throughout epidermis (b/t epitheliomuscular)
2) contain nematocysts, bulb
3) Used once and then replaced by a new
4) Nematocyst flung out by pressure

159
Q

Cnidae

A

1) Stinging organelle
2) 3 types = true nematocysts, spirocysts, ptychocysts

160
Q

Spirocysts

A

1) type of cnidae
2) mostly adhesive/sticky
3) anemone only
4) coils around prey when discharged
5) contain packed hollow tubes

161
Q

True nematocysts

A

1) type of cnidae
2) puncture

162
Q

Glutinant

A

1) Type of nematocyst
2) sticky surface used to stick to prey

163
Q

Stenotele

A

1) hydra nematocyst
2) delivers a toxin

164
Q

Behavioral competition

A
165
Q

Morphological competition

A
166
Q

Energetic competition

A
167
Q

Acrorhagi

A
168
Q

Settling cues

A
169
Q

Growth vs reproduction

A
170
Q

Broadcast spawners

A
171
Q

Planulators

A
172
Q

Extratentacular budding

A

Coral Bio Final (1 decks)

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