Copy of GMJ JOPA Ex Student Revision notes for all topics Flashcards
What is the term for the movement of people from one country or region to another?
Migration
Migration can be voluntary or forced.
What are the main reasons for recent rapid population growth known as ‘population explosion’?
- Improved medical care
- Improved sanitation and water supply
- Improvements in food production
- Improved transport
- Decrease in child mortality
These factors contribute significantly to increased life expectancy and lower death rates.
Define ‘Carrying Capacity’.
The number of people the environment can support without negative effects.
What is ‘Optimum Population’?
The amount of people a region can ecologically support, usually less than carrying capacity.
What is ‘Under-population’?
When a country has declined too much to support its economic system.
What is ‘Overpopulation’?
Too much population in an area leading to overcrowding and depletion of resources.
Where did HIV-1 originate?
Central Africa.
Where did HIV-2 originate?
West Africa.
What factors lead to high death rates in LEDCs?
- Poor healthcare
- Poor sanitation
- Limited food supplies
- HIV/AIDS
- Natural disasters
- Lack of vaccinations
These factors often contribute to a cycle of poverty and health crises.
What causes low birth rates in MEDCs?
- Availability of contraception
- Education on family planning
- Economic factors
- Women’s careers
- Low infant mortality rate
These factors reflect a shift in societal norms and economic capabilities.
What is the Dependency Ratio formula?
Non-economically active / economically active × 100 %.
What are the types of migration?
- Voluntary migration
- Forced migration
- Internal migration
- External migration
These categories reflect the reasons and circumstances behind population movements.
What are the characteristics of a Dispersed settlement pattern?
Isolated buildings or small groups of buildings separated by distance.
What is a Nucleated settlement pattern?
Buildings grouped together for defense or access to resources.
What does ‘Wet point site’ refer to?
Settlements with a good water supply.
What is the Central Business District (CBD)?
The area in a city where most business and commerce is located.
List features that identify the CBD.
- High/multi-storey buildings
- Expensive land values
- Department stores
- Cultural/historical buildings
- Transport centres
The CBD is typically the most accessible and economically vibrant area of a city.
What is the Burgess model?
A model representing land use in a city, suggesting high land values in the center.
What are the problems of urban growth for people?
- Overcrowding
- Job scarcity
- Inadequate housing
- Pressure on services
- Increased crime rates
Urban growth can lead to significant social challenges and a decrease in quality of life.
What is the Oceanic crust?
Younger, heavier, can sink, and is constantly being destroyed and replaced.
What happens at Constructive margins?
Two plates move away from each other, forming new oceanic crust.
What is the distribution of earthquakes related to?
Encircling the Pacific Ocean and extending along the mid-Atlantic Ocean.
True or False: The continental crust can sink.
False.
What occurs at collision zones?
2 continental crusts collide, neither can sink so forced upwards.
What type of margins do 2 plates move sideways past each other?
Conservative margins.
Where do earthquake distributions encircle?
The whole of the Pacific Ocean.
What are the main features of a pyroclastic flow?
The eruption column can collapse & flow down the volcano at over 200km/hr.
What is a caldera?
A large crater formed after a volcanic eruption.
What are lahars?
Mud flows formed from ash mixed with water.
What can trigger lahars?
• Melting snows
• Heavy rainfall
• Water content of magma
• Mix with ash
• Flow down steep slopes
• Triggered by earthquakes.
What are the problems caused by lahars?
• Loss of life
• Destroy buildings/homes
• Inundate farmland
• Disrupt communications
• Damage water pipes
• Occur without warning.
Most volcanoes at constructive boundaries erupt _______.
under the ocean.
What is the focus of an earthquake?
The point of earthquake.
What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
The point directly above the focus, on the ground surface.
What occurs at a subduction zone?
One plate goes under the other.
What causes earthquakes?
2 plates ‘stick’; pressure builds up; one plate jerks forward sending shock waves.
What characterizes a composite or stratovolcano?
Formed by viscous lava with alternating layers of lava and rock fragments.
List the effects and difficulties of earthquakes.
• Cost
• Damage to infrastructure
• Homelessness
• Psychological impacts.
What is weathering?
The disintegration and decomposition of rocks in situ.
What is physical weathering?
Weathering with no change in chemical composition of the rock.
What occurs during freeze-thaw weathering?
Repeated freezing and thawing causes cracks in rocks to widen.
What is biological weathering?
Roots widen weaknesses in the rock until part of the rock detaches.
What is chemical weathering?
Weathering that occurs in warm, moist climates involving chemical reactions.
What is limestone solution?
The process where carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate.
What is oxidation in the context of weathering?
The process where minerals in rocks oxidize in the presence of water.
What is a drainage basin?
The area of land drained by a river.
What is the mouth of a river?
The point where the river comes to the end, usually when entering a sea.
What are the four processes of river transportation?
• Traction
• Saltation
• Suspension
• Solution.
Name the four types of river erosion.
• Attrition
• Hydraulic action
• Corrasion
• Corrosion.
What forms a delta?
When a large river carrying a high sediment load loses energy as it enters a lake or sea.
What causes flooding in a drainage basin?
• Steep-sided channel
• Lack of vegetation
• Impermeable rock
• Urban area.
What are the components of waves?
• Swash
• Backwash.
What is longshore drift?
The process of sediment moving along the beach in a zig-zag motion.
What is a wave-cut platform?
A flat rock surface formed at the foot of a retreating cliff.
What is a cave in coastal geography?
A hollow formed in the rock due to erosion.
True or False: Destructive waves have a strong swash and weak backwash.
False.
Fill in the blank: The area within the drainage basin is called the _______.
Catchment area.
What is a wave-cut notch?
A wave-cut notch is formed at the foot of a cliff due to concentrated wave erosion.
What happens to a cliff as it is undercut by wave erosion?
The cliff collapses and retreats, producing a flat rock platform at the cliff foot.
What geological features are formed as a result of erosion on a headland?
Caves, arches, and stacks.
How is a spit formed?
A spit forms when the coastline changes direction and longshore drift carries material in the same direction.
What are the conditions required for the growth of coral reefs?
- Warm water above 20°C
- Shallow water not more than 60 metres deep
- Clear water free from sediment
- Plentiful supply of oxygen
- Plentiful supply of plankton
- Lack of strong currents
What is the primary purpose of a rain gauge?
To collect and measure rainfall in millimeters.
What does a maximum-minimum thermometer measure?
It records the maximum and minimum temperatures over a 24-hour period.
What is the function of a wet and dry bulb thermometer?
To measure actual air temperature and humidity.
What does a barometer measure?
Air pressure.
What type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms?
Cumulonimbus.
What is the typical location of tropical rainforests?
In a band around the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
What is the annual rainfall amount for tropical rainforests?
Exceeds 2000mm.
What are the common characteristics of tropical deserts?
- Mean temperature of the hottest month: 30°C
- Annual rainfall: less than 250mm
- Strong winds
- Virtually cloudless skies
What are the types of rainfall?
- Convectional rain
- Frontal rain
- Relief rain
What is the emergent layer in a tropical rainforest?
The layer where tall trees grow up to 50m, with few lower branches.
What adaptations do desert plants like cacti have?
- Thick, waxy cuticles
- Fleshy stems to store water
- Leaves reduced to spines
What are the human causes of food shortages?
- Poverty
- Poor distribution
- War and civil conflict
- Overpopulation
What is the Green Revolution?
The introduction of modern farming methods to increase food production in poorer countries.
What are the three parts of an agricultural system?
- Inputs
- Processes
- Outputs
What are the classifications of farming types?
- Specialisation (arable, pastoral, mixed)
- Economic Status (commercial, subsistence)
- Intensity of land use (extensive, intensive)
True or False: Tropical rainforests have a high annual temperature range.
False.
Fill in the blank: Coral reefs can form into a _______ as they grow around sinking islands.
coral atoll
What are the inputs in the industrial system?
Physical (natural) resources such as coal and iron ore, and human/economic (artificial) resources such as labor and costs.
What are the processes in the industrial system?
Turning raw materials into usable products and assembling parts made by other industries.
What are the outputs in the industrial system?
Profit or loss, waste materials (e.g., slag), and products for sale.
What factors influence farming?
- Temperature
- Adequate growing season
- Sufficient rainfall or irrigation
- Sunshine for crops
- Risk of waterlogging or flooding
- Frost and winter conditions
- Wind and the need for windbreaks
Define primary industry.
An industry that extracts raw materials directly from the land or sea, such as farming, fishing, forestry, and mining.
What is secondary industry?
An industry that processes or manufactures primary raw materials or assembles parts made by other industries.
What characterizes tertiary industry?
An occupation that provides services to people, such as health, education, transport, and retailing.
True or False: The tertiary sector is the main growth area in MEDCs.
True.
What is the employment structure of an LEDC like Ghana?
The majority of people work in the primary sector due to a lack of machinery and factories.
What are the three classifications of farming types?
- Specialisation: arable, pastoral, mixed
- Economic Status: commercial, subsistence
- Intensity of land use: extensive, intensive
Fill in the blank: Non-renewable resources are ______.
finite.
List some renewable energy supplies.
- Geothermal
- Wind
- Solar
- Biofuel
- Hydroelectric
- Tidal
What are the advantages of renewable energy supplies?
- Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
- Alleviate the world’s energy crisis
- Offer opportunities for alternative energy sources
- Do not pollute
- Do not add to global warming
- Last forever
What is a thermal power station?
A facility where fuel is burned in a boiler to convert water to steam, which drives a turbine to produce electricity.
What are the disadvantages of tourism?
- Seasonal unemployment
- Under-use of facilities at certain times
- Increased congestion and pollution
- Shortage of services
- Social/cultural problems
- Damage to the physical landscape
What are the environmental risks associated with resource extraction?
- Soil erosion
- Global warming
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Visual pollution
- Noise pollution
What is global warming?
The warming of Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere due to excessive greenhouse gases.
List the greenhouse gases.
- CO2 from burning fossil fuels
- Methane from organic decomposition
- CFCs from aerosols and air conditioning
- Nitrous oxide from exhaust and fertilizers
What is the significance of renewable resources?
They are sustainable and provide continuous energy without polluting.
What are the benefits of tourism?
- Growth in income
- Increase in foreign exchange
- Employment opportunities
- Development of infrastructure
- Cultural advantages
What factors affect the growth of tourism in an area?
- Accessibility
- Scenery
- Climate
- Accommodation
- Amenities
- Sustainability
What are the physical factors for locating an industry?
- Power/energy proximity
- Natural transport routes
- Site and land availability
What are human and economic factors for locating an industry?
- Labor quantity and quality
- Capital
- Market size and location
- Transport costs
- Government policies
- Improved technology
Fill in the blank: The majority of employment in a NIC like Brazil is in the ______ sector.
tertiary.
True or False: High-tech industries need to be located near raw materials.
False.
