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What is exothalmos and what is it caused by?
Protrusion of the eyeballs caused by swelling of the retro-orbital tissue and degenerative changes in the extraocular muscles. IgGs reacting with eye muscle
What are diagnostic tests of hyperthyrodism?
Direct measurement of free thyroxine (sometimes
triiodothyronine) in the plasma.
Basal metabolic rate is increased +30 to +60.
Measuring plasma levels of TSH (close to zero)
or TSI
levels (high in thyrotoxicosis, low in thyroid adenoma).
What are the physiological treatments for hyperthyroidism?
Physiological treatment for hyperthyroidism primarily involves surgically removing most of the thyroid gland. Before surgery, patients typically receive propylthiouracil for 1 to 2 weeks to reduce metabolic activity. Alternatively, treatment can include administering 5 mCi of radioactive iodine, which is absorbed by the hyperplastic thyroid gland and destroys most of its cells. If the patient remains hyperthyroid after the initial dose, additional doses may be given.
What is hashimoto disease?
Hypothyroidism caused by immune cells attacking the thyroid
This will cause inflamation and fibrosis.
What is thyroid goiter?
Hypothyroidism caused by thyroid hypertrophy
What is endemic thyroid goiter caused by?
caused by dietary iodide deficiency:
Deficiency in iodide > deficiency in thyroxine and triiodothyronine > increased TSH by pituitary gland increased Thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle > enlarged thyroid follicle (10 to 20 X).
What is Idiopathic Non-toxic Colloid Goiter?
Thyroiditis leading to decreased production of thyroid hormone which in turn leads to increased TSH which will lead to increased thyroglobulin which will lead to hypertrophy in non inflammed areas with nodular shape
What are some of the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Regardless the cause or type of hypothyroidism the physiological characteristics are similar:
Fatigue and somnolence (12-14 hours of sleep)
Extreme muscular sluggishness
Slow heart rate
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased blood volume
Sometimes increased body weight
Constipation
Mental sluggishness
Depressed growth of hair and scaliness of the skin
Froglike husky voice
Edematous appearance throughout the body (myxedema)
What is myxedema
Develops in patients with total absence of thyroid hormone function:
1- Bagginess under the eye
2- Swelling of the face
Greatly increased quantities of Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate bound with protein from excessive tissue gel in the interstitial space leading to increased interstitial spaces. The nature of the excess fluid leads to nonpitting edema.
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What is creatnism?
Severe hypothyroidsim in early childhood which causes mental retardation and failure of bodygrowth
