COPD Review Questions Flashcards
______________, one of the complications of emphysema, is right-sided
heart failure brought by long-term high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
Cor Pulmonale
____________ depresses the activity of scavenger cells and affects the respiratory tract’s ciliary cleansing mechanism, which keeps breathing passages free of inhaled irritants,
bacteria, and other foreign matter.
Smoking
Patients with COPD are at risk for _____ and ______ which in turn increase the risk of acute and chronic respiratory failure.
Respiratory insufficiency,
chronic respiratory failure
_________________ is used to evaluate airflow obstruction, which is determined by the ratio of FEV₁ to forced vital capacity (FVC).
Spirometry
A ________ is a surgical option for select patients with bullous emphysema.
bullecotomy
The single most cost-effective intervention to reduce the risk of developing COPD or slow its progression is ___________.
cessation of smoking
Primary causes for an acute exacerbation of COPD are ________ and ________.
tracheobronchial infection,
air pollution
The help prevent infections in patients with COPD, the nurse should recommend vaccination against two bacterial organisms: _____ and_____.
Steptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae
Describe the results of chronic airway inflammation in COPD.
Chronic inflammation results in
the following:
- increased goblet cells and enlarged submucosal glands (proximal airways)
- inflammation and airway narrowing (peripheral airways)
- narrowing of the airway lumen.
Describe the two main types of emphysema.
panlobular (panacinar):
- destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct and alveolus. Airspaces are enlarged, but little inflammatory disease causing a hyperinflated chest.
Centrilobular:
- Disease is in center of the secondary lobule and preserve the terminal airway unit. Produces chronic hypoxia,hypercapnia, polycythemia and episodes of rt-sided heart failure
Name a genetic risk factor for COPD.
Deficiency in alpha₁-antitrypsin, an enzyme inhibitor that protects the lungs.
List three primary symptoms associated with the progressive stage of COPD.
Chronic cough,
sputum production
dyspnea on exertion.
Describe three ways that bronchodilators relieve bronchospasm.
- Alter smooth muscle tone
- reduce airway obstruction
- improve alveolar ventilation
Albuterol
Beta₂-adrenergic agonist agent
Ipratropium bromide
Anticholinergic agent
Combivent
Methylxanthine
Theophylline
Combination short-acting beta₂-adrenergic agonist agent
Montelukast
Leukotriene modifier
Cromolyn sodium
Mast cell stabilizer
The nurse observes that Lois has a “barrel chest.” What is the cause of the alteration in the chest shape and size?
Air trapping in in the lungs
The nurse recognizes the need to be alert for what major presenting symptom of emphysema?
Dypnea
The nurse is assessing the results of Lois’s ABG. What blood gas analysis will correlate with the diagnosis of emphysema?
Respiratory acidosis
Lois is being medicated with a bronchodilator to reduce airway obstruction. What side effects should the nurse observe for that could be caused by the bronchodilator?
- Dysrhythmias
- central nervous system excitement
- tachycardia
The nurse is educating Lois on diaphragmatic breathing. How will this type of breathing help Lois?
- Decreased respiratory rate
- increased aleveolar ventilation
- reduction of functional residual capacity
The health care provider prescribes oxygen therapy for Lois. What delivery system does the nurse know will be most effective?
A Venturi mask that delivers predicatable oxygen flow at about 24 %.
