COPD Flashcards
COPD acronym
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD definition
characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema; the airflow obstruction is generally progressive, may be accompanied by airway hyperreactivity, and may be partially reversible
chronic bronchitis diagnosis
excessive secretion of bronchial mucus and is manifested by daily productive cough for 3 months or more in at least 2 consecutive years.
emphysema diagnosis
pathologic diagnosis that denotes abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, with destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis
causes of COPD
Cigarette smoking
environmental tobacco smoke,
occupational dusts and chemicals, and
indoor air pollution from biomass fuel used for cooking
heating in poorly ventilated buildings
Outdoor air pollution,
airway infection,
familial factors
allergy
hereditary factors (deficiency of alpha-1-antiprotease [alpha-1-antitrypsin])
Atopy and the tendency for bronchoconstriction to develop in response to nonspecific airway stimuli may be important risks
COPD have excessive lysis of what?
elastin and other proteins
what are lung matrices elastace and other proteases derived from?
derived from lung neutrophils, macrophages, and mononuclear cells
when do S&S of COPD occur?
6th-7th (60-70 y.o)
S&S of COPD
dyspnea, sputum production, excessive cough
dyspnea initially b/c exertion, but as progresses occurs with minimal activity
pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, chronic respiratory failure
types of COPD
type A= pink puffer (emphysema predominant)
type B= blue bloater (bronchitis)
COPD obstructive or restrictive and what happens to FEV1/FVC
obstructive lower FEV1= lower ratio have higher residual volume an increase total lung capacity increased residual vol/tot lung cap= more air trapped ie emphysema
EKG finding in COPD
sinus tachycardia
supraventricular arrhythmias
ventricular irritability
are COPD pt hypoxemia?
yes, low concentration of oxygen in blood
are COPD pt respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?
respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation, more CO2 left in lungs
possible differential diagnosis of COPD?
asthma, bronchiectasis, alpha-1-antiprotease (alpha-1-antitrypsin) deficiency cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary mycosis, and central airflow obstruction