COPD

Question 1

The physiologic marker of COPD

Answer 1

Airflow obstruction

Question 2

Hallmark of COPD

Answer 2

Extensive small airway obstruction

Question 3

Principal component of elastic fibers.
Critical for lung integrity.

Answer 3

Elastin

Question 4

____ in COPD may worsen oxidative stress

Answer 4

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 5

The major site of increased resistance in most individuals with COPD is in airways </= 2mm diameter

Answer 5

Small airways

Question 6

Cough and mucus production

Answer 6

Chronic bronchitis

Question 7

Characterized by destruction of gas-exchanging structures:
Respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar ducts.
Alveoli.

Answer 7

Emphysema

Question 8

Type of emphysema most frequently associated with cigarette smoking

Answer 8

Centrilobular

Question 9

Centrilobular emphysema is usually most prominent in the ____

Answer 9

upper lobes
superior segment of lower lobes

Question 10

Type of emphysema seen in α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency.

Answer 10

Panlobular

Question 11

Type of emphysema distributed along pleural margins.
Relative sparing of lung core/central regions.

Answer 11

Paraseptal

Question 12

The classic definition of COPD

Answer 12

persistent reduction in forced expiratory flow rates.

Question 13

Volume of air exhaled in the first second of forced expiration.

Answer 13

FEV1

Question 14

Total volume of air exhaled during the spirometric maneuver.

Answer 14

FVC

Question 15

FEV₁/FVC Ratio is ____ in COPD

Answer 15

reduced

Question 16

COPD shows ____ in FEV₁ with inhaled bronchodilators (≤15%).

Answer 16

minimal improvement

Question 17

PaCO₂ (Arterial Carbon Dioxide Pressure):
elevation typically not seen until FEV₁ <__% of predicted.

Answer 17

25

Question 18

PaO₂ (Arterial Oxygen Pressure):
remains near normal until FEV₁ <__% of predicted.

Answer 18

50

Question 19

______ accounts for essentially all of the reduction in Pao 2 that occurs in COPD

Answer 19

Ventilation-perfusion mismatching

Question 20

____ was a major risk factor for mortality from chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 20

Cigarette smoking

Question 21

______ is the most highly significant predictor of FEV 1

Answer 21

Pack-years of cigarette smoking