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biology gcse paper 2 > coordination in humans > Flashcards

coordination in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

give the name of the body’s coordination system which involves hormones

A

the endocrine system

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2
Q

what is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger secreted by a gland. It travels in the blood to a target organ where it produces a response

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3
Q

what type of organ secretes hormones?

A

glands

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4
Q

what are the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems?

A
  • in the NS, electrical impulses travel down neurones but the endocrine system uses hormones which are chemicals that travel via bloodstream
  • signalling in the NS is extremely fast but the endocrine system produces a slower effect that is longer lasting
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5
Q

which gland controls many other glands in the body ?

A

the pituitary gland

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6
Q

why is the pituitary gland considered the ‘master gland’?

A

secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions. These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be
released to bring about effects.

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7
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

A
  • secretes growth hormone, controls human growth
  • stimulates the thyroid gland
  • stimulates ovulation and production of oestrogen in the ovaries
  • stimulates the production of sperm and testosterone in the testes
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8
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland in the endocrine system?

A

secretes the hormone thyroxine —> controls metabolism, heart rate and body temperature

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9
Q

what is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

A

secretes the hormone insulin - controls blood glucose levels

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10
Q

what is the role of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?

A

secretes adrenaline - controls the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response

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11
Q

which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

A

the pancreas

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12
Q

how does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too high?

A

the pancreas secretes the hormone insulin. Insulin binds to receptors on the liver and muscles, excess glucose converted into glycogen and stored.

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13
Q

how does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon. Glucagon binds to liver cells, causing glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood

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14
Q

how is blood glucose concentration controlled using a negative feedback loop?

A
  • when the blood glucose concentration rises or falls below the optimum, a hormone is secreted by the pancreas
  • the action of either hormone (insulin or glucagon) bring back the concentration to the correct level
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15
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A
  • an autoimmune disorder in which the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin to control the blood glucose concentration
  • as a result, blood glucose levels are often very high, leading to excessive urination, tiredness and weight loss
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16
Q

how can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A
  • insulin injections before meals - allow glucose to be converted into glycogen
  • limiting carbohydrate intake
  • regular exercise
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17
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

a disorder in which the body’s cells stop responding to insulin, leading to an uncontrolled blood glucose concentration. Obesity and increasing age are risk factors

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18
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be treated?

A
  • following a carefully controlled diet ( low carb diet )
  • doing regular exercise
  • losing weight
  • use of drugs which increase insulin production and effectiveness
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19
Q

in what ways are ions lost from the body?

A
  • sweating
  • urine ( some reabsorbed in the kidney)
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20
Q

in what ways is water lost from the body?

A
  • during exhalation via the lungs
  • sweating
  • urine (some reabsorbed in the kidney)
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21
Q

how are excess amino acids excreted from the body?

A
  • excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver to form ammonia
  • ammonia is toxic, therefore converted into urea
  • urea is excreted from the body via sweat and urine
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22
Q

how do the kidneys maintain the balance of water and other substances in the body?

A
  • filter blood in order to remove waste products e.g. urea
  • selectively reabsorbed useful molecules e.g. glucose, water, ions
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23
Q

what is the full name of the hormone ADH?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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24
Q

where is ADH secreted in the body?

A

the pituitary gland of the brain

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25
Q

how does ADH affect the reabsorption of water in the kidneys?

A

-when the blood is too concentrated, the pituitary gland secretes more ADH
- ADH travels in the bloodstream to the kidney and increases the permeability of kidney tubules to water
- more water is reabsorbed in the kidneys, resulting in a smaller volume of more concentrated urine
- as the blood water level returns to normal, the pituitary gland stops releasing ADH

26
Q

why is kidney failure dangerous?

A

when the kidneys are damaged, they may be unable to filter the blood properly. This may lead to:
- a build up of toxic molecules (e.g. urea) in the body
- an uncontrolled ion and water balance and cells being damaged as a result of osmosis

27
Q

what are the two main ways of treating kidney failure?

A
  • dialysis
  • transplant
28
Q

what is kidney dialysis?

A

kidney dialysis is the use of a specialist machine to carry out the function of kidneys. Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of glucose and ions as healthy blood. As a result, only excess and waste molecules are lost from the blood, and glucose and ions remain

29
Q

what are the advantages of using kidney dialysis and of kidney transplant?

A

dialysis: no shortage of dialysis machines, no risk from surgery
transplant: allows patient to lead a normal life, only expensive initially

30
Q

what are the disadvantages of kidney dialysis and transplant?

A

dialysis: frequent puncturing of skin may lead to infections/ blood clots, requires frequent treatments, controlled diet, expensive in the long-term
transplant: donor may not be available, risky surgery, have to take immunosuppresants for rest of their life, body may reject organ

31
Q

what is the function of reproductive hormones during puberty?

A

males: causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics
females: causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of eggs

32
Q

what is the main male reproductive hormone?

A

testosterone which is produced by the testes and stimulates sperm production

33
Q

what is the main female reproductive hormone?

A

oestrogen which is produced in the ovaries and involved in the menstrual cycle

34
Q

describe the events of the menstrual cycle

A
  • uterus lining thickens and eggs begin to mature in the ovaries
  • an egg is released from one of the ovaries- uterus lining remains thick
  • if the egg is fertilised, pregnancy may occur. If not, both the egg and uterus lining are shed during menstruation
35
Q

what is ovulation?

A

ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovaries, which occurs approximately every 28 days

36
Q

what is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • oestrogen is produced by the ovaries
  • it triggers the production of LH and inhibits the release of FSH
37
Q

what is the role of the ovaries in the endocrine system?

A

secretes oestrogen, which coordinates the menstrual cycle and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

38
Q

what is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

LH is produced in the pituitary gland as a result of oestrogen. Its release triggers ovulation

39
Q

what is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

progesterone is secreted from the follicle of the ovary. It sustains the uterus lining and inhibits FSH and LH

40
Q

what is the role of the testes in the endocrine system?

A

secretes testosterone, which coordinates the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

41
Q

what are 2 types of oral contraceptives?

A
  • combined contraceptive pill (contains oestrogen and progesterone)
  • mini pill (only progesterone)
42
Q

how does the contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy?

A
  • inhibits FSH- eggs do not mature
  • prevents the development of the uterus lining-eggs cannot implant
  • increases the thickness of the cervical mucus- immobilises sperm cells
43
Q

what is the contraceptive patch?

A
  • contains both oestrogen and progesterone
  • patch placed on skin for 7 days
44
Q

what is the contraceptive injection?

A

an injection containing the hormone progesterone- lasts for approximately 3 months

45
Q

what is the contraceptive implant?

A

a small rod inserted under the skin of the arm which continuously releases progesterone for 3 years

46
Q

what is the IUS?

A

(inrauterine system) small plastic device inserted into the uterus. it releases progesterone which thickens cervical mucus and prevents the build up of the uterus lining

47
Q

what is the IUD?

A

(inrauterine device) small copper-containing device inserted into the uterus, which prevents the implantation of embryos (non hormonal)

48
Q

what is a spermicide?

A

kill or disable sperm- work better combined with barrier methods

49
Q

what is a barrier method of contraception?

A

physical separation between the sperm and the egg: condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg

50
Q

what surgical methods of contraception are there?

A

sterilisation:
- in males sperm ducts are tied
- in females oviducts are tied

51
Q

what is abstinence?

A

not having sex- avoids pregnancy. Some people abstain from sex during time of ovulation but is unreliable

52
Q

how do fertility drugs increase the chance of pregnancy?

A

many fertility drugs contain FSH- which stimulates oestrogen and the maturation of eggs in the ovary. They also contain LH which triggers ovulation

53
Q

what is IVF?

A

(in vitro fertilisation)
- mother is given FSH and LH- stimulates maturation of eggs and ovulation
- eggs are fertilised using sperm in a laboratory: develop into embryos
- 1 or 2 embryos are inserted into the mother’s womb

54
Q

what are the advantages of IVF treatment?

A
  • allows infertile parents to have children
  • can store a woman’s eggs for later
55
Q

what are the disadvantages of IVF treatment?

A
  • it is very emotionally and physically stressful
  • the success rates are not high
  • it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and
    the mother.
  • side effects of fertility drugs
56
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

negative feedback is a type of control where the body responds to an increase or decrease in a factor by returning it to the optimal level

57
Q

what is thyroxine?

A

thyroxine is a hormone released by the thyroid gland. It’s release is triggered by the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroxine controls the body’s metabolic rate, growth and development

58
Q

how is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback?

A
  • levels of blood thyroxine falls - detected by receptors in the brain
  • pituitary gland releases more TSH
  • more thyroxine produced and released by the thyroid gland
  • blood thyroxine level returns to normal
59
Q

what is adrenaline?

A

adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in times of stress. it is responsible for the ‘fighter flight’ response

60
Q

what are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • increase in heart and breathing rate —> delivers oxygen + glucose to the body
  • stored glycogen converted to glucose
  • dilation of pupils
  • increased mental awareness
  • blood diverted away from digestive system to muscles

biology gcse paper 2 (4 decks)

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