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Science > Coordination & Disease > Flashcards

Coordination & Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Question: What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Answer: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas.

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2
Q

Question: What is the function of the digestive system?

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Answer: To break down food into nutrients, absorb nutrients into the bloodstream, and eliminate waste.

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3
Q

Question: Name the major components of the circulatory system.

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Answer: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.

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4
Q

Question: What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

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Answer: To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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5
Q

Question: List the components of the skeletal system.

A

Answer: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.

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6
Q

Question: What are the functions of the skeletal system?

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Answer: Provides structure, support, and protection for the body; produces blood cells; stores minerals.

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7
Q

Question: Identify the main organs of the respiratory system.

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Answer: Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm.

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8
Q

Question: What does the respiratory system do?

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Answer: Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

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9
Q

Question: What are the primary components of the muscular system?

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Answer: Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle.

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10
Q

Question: Describe the functions of the muscular system.

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Answer: Allows for movement, maintains posture, generates heat.

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11
Q

Question: Name the organs that make up the excretory system.

A

Answer: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs.

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12
Q

Question: What is the role of the excretory system?

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Answer: Removes waste products from the body, regulates fluid balance, helps maintain pH balance.

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13
Q

Question: How do living organisms get nutrients to cells?

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Answer: Nutrients are delivered to cells via the bloodstream by systems like the digestive and circulatory systems.

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14
Q

Question: How are wastes removed from the body?

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Answer: Wastes are removed through organs like the kidneys in the excretory system and are eliminated from the body.

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15
Q

Question: How do plants respond to their environment?

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Answer: Plants respond through mechanisms such as phototropism, gravitropism, and seasonal changes. (Tropisms)

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16
Q

Question: What are examples of animal responses to their environment?

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Answer: Examples include migration, hibernation, mating behaviours, and physiological adaptations to temperature changes.

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17
Q

Question: What is a stimulus?

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Answer: A detectable change in the internal or external environment.

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18
Q

Question: What is a receptor?

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Answer: A specialised cell or organ that detects stimuli and generates nerve impulses in response.

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19
Q

Question: What is the sense of sight called?

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Answer: Vision.

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20
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of sight?

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Answer: Eyes.

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21
Q

Question: What is the sense of hearing called?

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Answer: Audition.

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22
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of hearing?

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Answer: Ears.

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23
Q

Question: What is the sense of taste called?

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Answer: Gustation.

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24
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of taste?

A

Answer: Tongue.

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25
Q

Question: What is the sense of smell called?

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Answer: Olfaction.

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26
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of smell?

A

Answer: Nose.

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27
Q

Question: What is the sense of touch called?

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Answer: Tactition.

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28
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of touch?

A

Answer: Skin.

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29
Q

Question: What are the components of the central nervous system?

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Answer: Brain and spinal cord.

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30
Q

Question: What is included in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Answer: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

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31
Q

Question: What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?

A

Answer: Executive functions (behaviour), motor control, speech production.

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32
Q

Question: What functions are primarily associated with the parietal lobe?

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Answer: Sensory processing, spatial awareness.

33
Q

Question: What functions are primarily associated with the temporal lobe?

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Answer: Auditory processing, memory, language.

34
Q

Question: What functions are primarily associated with the occipital lobe?

A

Answer: Visual processing.

35
Q

Question: What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Answer: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and posture.

36
Q

Question: What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Answer: To connect the brain to the spinal cord and regulate basic life functions.

37
Q

Question: What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

Answer: Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

38
Q

Question: What is the role of a motor neuron?

A

Answer: Motor neurons transmit motor signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles or glands, resulting in movement or secretion.

39
Q

Question: What is the function of an interneuron?

A

Answer: Interneurons facilitate communication between sensory neurons and motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS).

40
Q

Question: What is a synapse?

A

Answer: A junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

41
Q

Question: What are neurotransmitters?

A

Answer: Electrical impulse messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

42
Q

Question: What are the components of a reflex arc?

A

Answer: Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.

43
Q

Question: Describe the pathway from stimulus to response in a reflex arc.

A

Answer: Stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, transmitted via sensory neuron to the spinal cord, where an interneuron processes the signal. Finally, a motor neuron transmits a response signal to an effector (muscle or gland).

44
Q

Question: Why are reflex actions important?

A

Answer: Reflex actions are important for rapid, involuntary responses to potential harm or changes in the environment, helping to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.

45
Q

Question: What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Answer: The endocrine system regulates body functions through the release of hormones into the bloodstream.

46
Q

Question: How do hormones travel through the body?

A

Answer: Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they elicit specific physiological responses.

47
Q

Question: What are hormones?

A

Answer: Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands of the endocrine system that regulate various physiological processes.

48
Q

Question: What is the pituitary gland often referred to as?

A

Answer: The “master gland” of the endocrine system.

49
Q

Question: What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Answer: Growth hormone (GH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), ADH (causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced) & Oxytocin (increases contractions to induce labour and birth, and the release of milk from the breast after birth

50
Q

Question: What is the primary reproductive organ in females?

A

Answer: Ovaries.

51
Q

Question: What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Answer: Estrogen and progesterone. (regulate the development and function of the uterus and feminine growth)

52
Q

Question: What is the primary reproductive organ in males?

A

Answer: Testes.

53
Q

Question: What hormone do the testes produce?

A

Answer: Testosterone. (regulates male growth and sex drive)

54
Q

Question: What is the pancreas responsible for in the endocrine system?

A

Answer: Regulating blood sugar levels.

55
Q

Question: What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Answer: Insulin and glucagon.

56
Q

Question: What gland is located in the neck and regulates metabolism?

A

Answer: Thyroid gland.

57
Q

Question: What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Answer: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

58
Q

Question: Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Answer: Above each kidney.

59
Q

Question: What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

A

Answer: Cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline (epinephrine), and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

60
Q

Question: What does adrenaline do?

A

Answer: Makes your heart beat faster and your lungs breathe more efficiently

61
Q

Question: How do the nervous system and the endocrine system differ in terms of communication?

A

Answer: The nervous system communicates via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters, while the endocrine system communicates via hormones released into the bloodstream.

62
Q

Question: What is the difference in speed of response between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

Answer: Nervous system responses are rapid but short-lived, while endocrine system responses are slower but longer-lasting.

63
Q

Question: What is homeostasis?

A

Answer: Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

64
Q

Question: What are examples of internal conditions that need to be maintained by the body?

A

Answer: Examples include temperature, blood sugar levels, pH balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance.

65
Q

Question: What is negative feedback?

A

Answer: Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers responses that reverse the change, maintaining homeostasis.

66
Q

Question: Provide an example of negative feedback in the body.

A

Answer: Example: Regulation of body temperature. When body temperature rises, sweat glands produce sweat, cooling the body and reducing temperature back to the set point.

67
Q

Question: What is a disease?

A

Answer: A disease is an abnormal condition that impairs the functioning of an organism.

68
Q

Question: What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases?

A

Answer: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from one individual to another, while non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted.

69
Q

Question: What are the five types of pathogens?

A

Answer: Viruses, Macro-parasites, Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoans.

70
Q

Question: What are antibiotics?

A

Answer: Antibiotics are medications used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

71
Q

Question: How do antibiotics work?

A

Answer: Antibiotics target specific bacterial processes or structures, disrupting their ability to survive and reproduce.

72
Q

Question: What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of transmission of diseases?

A

Answer: Direct transmission occurs through physical contact between individuals, while indirect transmission occurs via intermediaries such as air, water, or vectors.

73
Q

Question: What is the immune system?

A

Answer: The immune system is the body’s defence mechanism against pathogens and foreign substances.

74
Q

Question: What are antibodies?

A

Answer: Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific antigens.

75
Q

Question: What are antigens?

A

Answer: Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response.

76
Q

Question: What are the body’s first line of defence mechanisms?

A

Answer: The first line of defence includes physical and chemical barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid.

77
Q

Question: What are the body’s second line of defence mechanisms?

A

Answer: The second line of defence consists of non-specific immune responses such as inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis.

78
Q

Question: What is the third line of defence in the immune system?

A

Answer: The third line of defence is the specific immune response, which involves the recognition and targeting of specific pathogens by lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and the production of antibodies.

79
Q

Question: How does a vaccine work?

A

Answer: A vaccine stimulates the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against a particular pathogen. This causes memory cells to form so that the next time the body is exposed to the same pathogen, it can make antibodies quickly and in high amounts.

Science (2 decks)

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