Coordination & Disease Flashcards
Question: What are the components of the digestive system?
Answer: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas.
Question: What is the function of the digestive system?
Answer: To break down food into nutrients, absorb nutrients into the bloodstream, and eliminate waste.
Question: Name the major components of the circulatory system.
Answer: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.
Question: What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
Answer: To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Question: List the components of the skeletal system.
Answer: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.
Question: What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Answer: Provides structure, support, and protection for the body; produces blood cells; stores minerals.
Question: Identify the main organs of the respiratory system.
Answer: Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm.
Question: What does the respiratory system do?
Answer: Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
Question: What are the primary components of the muscular system?
Answer: Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle.
Question: Describe the functions of the muscular system.
Answer: Allows for movement, maintains posture, generates heat.
Question: Name the organs that make up the excretory system.
Answer: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs.
Question: What is the role of the excretory system?
Answer: Removes waste products from the body, regulates fluid balance, helps maintain pH balance.
Question: How do living organisms get nutrients to cells?
Answer: Nutrients are delivered to cells via the bloodstream by systems like the digestive and circulatory systems.
Question: How are wastes removed from the body?
Answer: Wastes are removed through organs like the kidneys in the excretory system and are eliminated from the body.
Question: How do plants respond to their environment?
Answer: Plants respond through mechanisms such as phototropism, gravitropism, and seasonal changes. (Tropisms)
Question: What are examples of animal responses to their environment?
Answer: Examples include migration, hibernation, mating behaviours, and physiological adaptations to temperature changes.
Question: What is a stimulus?
Answer: A detectable change in the internal or external environment.
Question: What is a receptor?
Answer: A specialised cell or organ that detects stimuli and generates nerve impulses in response.
Question: What is the sense of sight called?
Answer: Vision.
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of sight?
Answer: Eyes.
Question: What is the sense of hearing called?
Answer: Audition.
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of hearing?
Answer: Ears.
Question: What is the sense of taste called?
Answer: Gustation.
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of taste?
Answer: Tongue.
Question: What is the sense of smell called?
Answer: Olfaction.
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of smell?
Answer: Nose.
Question: What is the sense of touch called?
Answer: Tactition.
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of touch?
Answer: Skin.
Question: What are the components of the central nervous system?
Answer: Brain and spinal cord.
Question: What is included in the peripheral nervous system?
Answer: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
Question: What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?
Answer: Executive functions (behaviour), motor control, speech production.
Question: What functions are primarily associated with the parietal lobe?
Answer: Sensory processing, spatial awareness.
Question: What functions are primarily associated with the temporal lobe?
Answer: Auditory processing, memory, language.
Question: What functions are primarily associated with the occipital lobe?
Answer: Visual processing.
Question: What is the function of the cerebellum?
Answer: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and posture.
Question: What is the function of the brain stem?
Answer: To connect the brain to the spinal cord and regulate basic life functions.
Question: What is the function of a sensory neuron?
Answer: Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
Question: What is the role of a motor neuron?
Answer: Motor neurons transmit motor signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles or glands, resulting in movement or secretion.
Question: What is the function of an interneuron?
Answer: Interneurons facilitate communication between sensory neurons and motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS).
Question: What is a synapse?
Answer: A junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
Question: What are neurotransmitters?
Answer: Electrical impulse messengers that transmit signals across synapses.
Question: What are the components of a reflex arc?
Answer: Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.
Question: Describe the pathway from stimulus to response in a reflex arc.
Answer: Stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, transmitted via sensory neuron to the spinal cord, where an interneuron processes the signal. Finally, a motor neuron transmits a response signal to an effector (muscle or gland).
Question: Why are reflex actions important?
Answer: Reflex actions are important for rapid, involuntary responses to potential harm or changes in the environment, helping to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.
Question: What is the role of the endocrine system?
Answer: The endocrine system regulates body functions through the release of hormones into the bloodstream.
Question: How do hormones travel through the body?
Answer: Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they elicit specific physiological responses.
Question: What are hormones?
Answer: Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands of the endocrine system that regulate various physiological processes.
Question: What is the pituitary gland often referred to as?
Answer: The “master gland” of the endocrine system.
Question: What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?
Answer: Growth hormone (GH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), ADH (causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced) & Oxytocin (increases contractions to induce labour and birth, and the release of milk from the breast after birth
Question: What is the primary reproductive organ in females?
Answer: Ovaries.
Question: What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Answer: Estrogen and progesterone. (regulate the development and function of the uterus and feminine growth)
Question: What is the primary reproductive organ in males?
Answer: Testes.
Question: What hormone do the testes produce?
Answer: Testosterone. (regulates male growth and sex drive)
Question: What is the pancreas responsible for in the endocrine system?
Answer: Regulating blood sugar levels.
Question: What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Answer: Insulin and glucagon.
Question: What gland is located in the neck and regulates metabolism?
Answer: Thyroid gland.
Question: What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Answer: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
Question: Where are the adrenal glands located?
Answer: Above each kidney.
Question: What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?
Answer: Cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline (epinephrine), and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Question: What does adrenaline do?
Answer: Makes your heart beat faster and your lungs breathe more efficiently
Question: How do the nervous system and the endocrine system differ in terms of communication?
Answer: The nervous system communicates via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters, while the endocrine system communicates via hormones released into the bloodstream.
Question: What is the difference in speed of response between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Answer: Nervous system responses are rapid but short-lived, while endocrine system responses are slower but longer-lasting.
Question: What is homeostasis?
Answer: Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
Question: What are examples of internal conditions that need to be maintained by the body?
Answer: Examples include temperature, blood sugar levels, pH balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance.
Question: What is negative feedback?
Answer: Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers responses that reverse the change, maintaining homeostasis.
Question: Provide an example of negative feedback in the body.
Answer: Example: Regulation of body temperature. When body temperature rises, sweat glands produce sweat, cooling the body and reducing temperature back to the set point.
Question: What is a disease?
Answer: A disease is an abnormal condition that impairs the functioning of an organism.
Question: What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases?
Answer: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from one individual to another, while non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted.
Question: What are the five types of pathogens?
Answer: Viruses, Macro-parasites, Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoans.
Question: What are antibiotics?
Answer: Antibiotics are medications used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Question: How do antibiotics work?
Answer: Antibiotics target specific bacterial processes or structures, disrupting their ability to survive and reproduce.
Question: What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of transmission of diseases?
Answer: Direct transmission occurs through physical contact between individuals, while indirect transmission occurs via intermediaries such as air, water, or vectors.
Question: What is the immune system?
Answer: The immune system is the body’s defence mechanism against pathogens and foreign substances.
Question: What are antibodies?
Answer: Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific antigens.
Question: What are antigens?
Answer: Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response.
Question: What are the body’s first line of defence mechanisms?
Answer: The first line of defence includes physical and chemical barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid.
Question: What are the body’s second line of defence mechanisms?
Answer: The second line of defence consists of non-specific immune responses such as inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis.
Question: What is the third line of defence in the immune system?
Answer: The third line of defence is the specific immune response, which involves the recognition and targeting of specific pathogens by lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and the production of antibodies.
Question: How does a vaccine work?
Answer: A vaccine stimulates the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against a particular pathogen. This causes memory cells to form so that the next time the body is exposed to the same pathogen, it can make antibodies quickly and in high amounts.
