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Biology > Coordination and response > Flashcards

Coordination and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where do nerve impulses travel ?

A

along a neuron

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2
Q

what does central nervous system consist of ?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral system consists of :

A

nerves and spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the role of nervous system :

A

to coordinate and regulate body functions

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5
Q

simple reflex arc :

A

receptor→sensory neurone →relay→motor→effector

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6
Q

reflex action is described as :

A

rapidly coordinating stimuli with responses of effectors

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7
Q

what is a synapse ?

A

a junction between two neurons

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8
Q

events of synapse :

A
  • impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from vesicle into the synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter molecules across the gap
  • neurotransmitters bind with receptor proteins on the post synaptic neuron .
  • an impulse is stimulated in the next neuron .
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9
Q

advantages of synapses :

A

impulse travels in one direction and maintains the strength of impulse

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10
Q

what are sense organs ?

A

group of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli

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11
Q

5 sense organs :

A

eye , ears , mouth , nose , skin

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12
Q

types of stimuli

A

sound , light ,touch , temperature , chemicals

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13
Q

function of retina

A

contains light receptor cells : (rod cells and cone cells )

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14
Q

rod cells - function

A

detect light

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15
Q

cone cells - function

A

detects colour .

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16
Q

iris -function

A

controls how much light enters the pupils

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17
Q

cornea - function

A

transparent lens which refracts light as it enters the eye .

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18
Q

lens -

A

transparent lens which can change shape to focus light onto retina

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19
Q

pupil-

A

hole which allows light to enter the eyes

20
Q

optic nerve -

A

sensory neurons carries impulse between brain and eye

21
Q

fovea -

A

responsible for sharp central vision (focus)

22
Q

what happens in dim light ?

A

pupil- dialates to allow more light to enter to improve vision

23
Q

what happens in bright light ?

A

pupil narrows

24
Q

what are pair of antagonistic muscles in the eye ?

A

radial and circular muscles , meaning when radial contracts circular relaxes and vise versa .

25
Q

far away objects in order to focus muscles ?

A

light is refracted less so cillary muscles contract suspensory muscles are pulled tight and lenses are thin

26
Q

close objects ?

A

light is refracted more so cillary muscles relax suspensory mare loosened ad lens is thick

27
Q

in dark light : radial , circular muscles , pupil size and amount of light entered :

A

radial- contract
circular-relax
pupil-wide
light-more

28
Q

in dim light : radial , circular muscles , pupil size and amount of light entered :

A

radial-relax
circular-relax
pupil-narrow
light-less

29
Q

what are hormones ?

A

a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood which alters activity of one or 2 target organs .

30
Q

glands and their hormones :

A

adrenal gland-adrenaline
testes-testosterone
pancreas-insulin
ovaries -oestrogen .

31
Q

effect of adrenaline on body :

A

increased breathing rate
increase heart rate
dilated pupils

32
Q

nervous control:

A

fast and short-term

33
Q

hormonal control:

A

slow and long-term

34
Q

adrenaline controls metabolic activity:

A

increasing blood glucose concentration (for increased respiration in muscle cells)
increasing heart rate (to provide more glucose and oxygen for energy to muscles)

35
Q

what is homeostasis ?

A

he maintenance of a constant internal enviornment .
ex.
insulin decreases blood glucose concentration

36
Q

what is homeostatic control ?

A

homeostatic control by negative feedback is a process that maintains a stable internal environment in the body by reversing any changes that occur from the set point.

37
Q

example of homeostasis :

A

if the normal blood glucose levels increase, the pancreas will detect this and release the hormone insulin. the insulin will travel to the liver and stimulates it to remove excess glucose from the blood and convert it into glycogen. this brings the glucose levels back down.
if the normal blood glucose levels decrease, the pancreas will secrete the hormone glucagon. the glucagon will travel to the liver and stimulates it to break down the stored glycogen, into glucose. the glucose is released into the blood to bring the blood glucose concentration up.

38
Q

diabetes symptoms :

A

tired, dried mouth , blurred vision, weight loss .

39
Q

diabetes treatment :

A

injecting insulin

40
Q

the skin can control the temperature as:

A

the change is detected by thermoreceptors in the brain

sends a nerve impulse to brain through sensory neurone

the brain responds by sending impulses to the effectors in the skin

skin will carry our response

41
Q

the mechanisms that help mammals maintain a constant body temperature are:

A

insulation
shivering
sweating
vasodilation and vasoconstriction

42
Q

when the weather is cold:

A

hair erector muscles contract
this traps air in between the hairs
air acts as an insulator which helps reduce heat loss
VASOCONSTRICTION (cold weather):
arterioles narrow
blood flow slowed down
reduces heat loss

43
Q

when the weather is hot:

A

hair erector muscles relax
allows air circulation as hairs lie flat
increases heat loss

VASODILATION (hot weather):
arterioles widen
blood flow increases at a faster rate
increases heat loss

44
Q

gravitropism:

A

a response in which parts of the plant grow towards or away from gravity

45
Q

phototropism:

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

46
Q

role of auxin in controlling shoot growth:

A

auxin is made in the shoot tip, which can diffuse to the stems or roots from a region of high to a region of low concentration
therefore, auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip
auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity
when light shines onto a shoot from one side, the auxin at the tip concentrates on the shady side, this makes the shady side grow faster to bend towards light.
if a shoot is placed on the side, the auxin concentrates on the lower side of the shoot, so shoot bends upwards as it grows
auxin stimulates cell elongation. the more auxin there is, the faster they will elongate and grow.

Biology (2 decks)

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