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Biology - Tuesday 24th May > Coordination and response > Flashcards

Coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

The central nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A 
Glands including:
The pituitary gland
The thyroid gland
The pancreas
The adrenal glands
The testes
The ovaries
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3
Q

What type of message does the nervous system transmit?

A

An electrical impulse

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4
Q

What type of message does the endocrine system transmit?

A

A chemical messenger - a hormone

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5
Q

What are the effectors in the nervous system?

A

Muscles or glands

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6
Q

What are the effectors in the endocrine system?

A

Target organs

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7
Q

What is the difference in speed between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

The endocrine system’s transmission is slower than the nervous system’s transmission

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8
Q

Which takes a longer period of time, the endocrine system transmission or the nervous system transmission?

A

The endocrine system takes longer as the hormone needs to be broken down, whilst the nervous system takes shorter time because the nerve impulse just has to stop

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9
Q

Describe how the central nervous system works

A

Receptor cells in the sense organs convert the stimulus into an electrical impulse.
The electrical impulse travels across cells called sensory neurones to the CNS.
The information is processed at the CNS and the response travels as an electrical impulse along motor neurones to effectors.
The effectors then carry out the response

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10
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurones

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11
Q

What are neurones?

A

Nerve cells

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12
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A

They carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS

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13
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A

In the CNS, which connect sensory and motor neurones

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14
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

They carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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15
Q

What is an axon?

A

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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16
Q

What are receptors?

A

Groups of specialised cells

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17
Q

What is the function of receptors?

A

To detect a change in the environment and stimulate electrical impulses in response

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18
Q

What is the advantage of an axon?

A

Less time is wasted transferring the impulse from one cell to another

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19
Q

What are nodes?

A

A fatty sheath with small uninsulated sections along the axon which insulates it.

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20
Q

What is the advantage of having dendrites?

A

They can connect to many other neurones and receive impulses from them, forming a network for easy communication

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21
Q

What are synapses?

A

The gaps between neurones

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22
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers

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23
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

A

They diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptors on the membrane of another neurone.

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24
Q

What is the function of synapses?

A

They ensure that the electrical impulses only travel in one direction

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25
Q

What is an involuntary response?

A

An automatic and rapid response to a stimulus such as heat

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26
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Heat - a stimulus - is detected by a receptor in the skin
Sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord (the coordinator)
Electrical impulse is passed on to relay neurone in the spinal cord
Relay neurone connects to motor neurone and passes the impulse on
Motor neurone carries impulse to the muscle in the leg (the effector)
The muscle will contract and pull the leg up and away from the hot object (the response)

27
Q

What type of organ is the eye?

A

A sense organ

28
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

A transparent lens that refracts light as it enters the eye

29
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

30
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

A transparent disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina

31
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Contains light receptor cells including rods and cones. Rods detect black and white vision and cones detect colour vision

32
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

A sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

33
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Hole that allows light to enter the eye

34
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

A ring of muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

35
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?

A

It connects the ciliary muscle to the lens

36
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Tough outer white layer of the eye that protects the eye from damage

37
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The way the lens brings about fine focusing

38
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments when the object is near?

A

The ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligaments relax. This allows the lens to become fatter and light will be refracted more

39
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments when the object is far?

A

The ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligaments contract. This allows the lens to slacken and light will be refracted less

40
Q

Describe what happens when we get hot

A

The erector muscles relax
The hairs lie flat and allows air to circulate over the skin and for heat to leave the skin by radiation
Sweat is secreted by the sweat glands
The water in the sweat evaporates off the skin which creates a cooling effect
The blood flow in the capillaries increase because the blood vessels to the skin capillaries get wider - this is called vasodilation.

41
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the blood flow in capillaries increase because the blood vessels to the skin capillaries get wider.

42
Q

Describe what happens when we get cold

A

The erector muscles contract.
The hairs trap a layer of air around the skin to create an insulator.
The blood flow in the capillaries decrease because the blood vessels to the skin capillaries get narrower- this is called vasoconstriction
This also causes us to shiver

43
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When the blood flow in the capillaries decrease because the blood vessels to the skin capillaries get narrower

44
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A group of glands that produce hormones in animals

45
Q

Where is adrenaline made?

A

The adrenal gland

46
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

Readies the body for a fight of flight response

47
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline on the body?

A

Increasing heart and breathing rate

Increasing blood flow to the muscles

48
Q

Where is insulin made?

A

Pancreas

49
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

To lower blood glucose levels

50
Q

What is the effect of insulin on the body?

A

It causes excess glucose to be taken up by the muscles and the liver, and to be converted into glycogen for storage

51
Q

Where is testosterone made?

A

Testes

52
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

The main sex hormone in males

53
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on the body?

A

Develops secondary sexual characteristics

54
Q

Where is progesterone made?

A

Ovaries

55
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

To maintain pregnancy

56
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the body?

A

To maintain the uterus lining to cushion a fertilised egg and let it develop properly and safely

57
Q

Where is oestrogen made?

A

Ovaries

58
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

The main sex hormone in females

59
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the body?

A

Develops secondary sexual characteristics and controls the menstrual cycle

60
Q

What is the effect of exercise on the muscles?

A

Muscle cells need more energy as they need to contract more. Therefore, they need to respire more in order to use up glucose and oxygen and get rid of waste - carbon dioxide

61
Q

What is the effect of exercise on the heart?

A

The heart rate increases

The heart muscles contract more powerfully

62
Q

What happens to the heart rate after exercise?

A

The heart rate eventually returns to its normal rate and continues to supply the muscle cells with oxygen for respiration. This happens to pay back the oxygen debt where anaerobic respiration might have occurred causing the release of lactic acid. Oxygen is needed to combine with the toxic lactic acid and break it down into carbon dioxide and water.

63
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

Adrenaline diverts blood away from non essential areas on the body and instead take it to more supply muscles

Biology - Tuesday 24th May (3 decks)

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