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GCSE Biology (B1) > Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Coordination and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a ‘receptor’?

A

Special sensory cell/organ that detects changes in the environment

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2
Q

What is a ‘stimuli?

A

A change in the environment that is detected by sensory receptors

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3
Q

Complete the sentence:

The nervous system has…

A

…receptors to detect stimuli

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4
Q

Where are receptors found?

A

In sense organs such as the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin

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5
Q

What is a sense organ?

A

A collection of special cells known as receptors which responds to stimuli

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6
Q

What does light stimulate?

A

Receptors in the eye. Electrical impulses are then produces and pass to the brain along neurons.

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7
Q

Give some examples of different stimuli.

A
  • Sound
  • Chemicals
  • Temperature changes
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Smell
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8
Q

What does the brain coordinate?

A

Responses to many stimuli

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9
Q

What does the nervous system allow humans to do?

A

Detect and react to their surroundings and coordinate behaviour accordingly

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10
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord and is where information is processed.

It coordinates resonses to stimuli

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11
Q

What do nerves contain?

A

Neurons

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12
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of hundreds, or even thousands, or neurons

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13
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells which carry minute electrical impulses around the body

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14
Q

What are sensory neurons/what do they do?

A

Neurons which carry impulses from the sensory organs/receptors to the CNS

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15
Q

What are motor neurones/what do they do?

A

Neurons which carry impluses from the CNS to effector organs

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16
Q

What are effector organs?

A

Muscles/glands that respond to impulses from the nervous system (specifically motor neurons)

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17
Q

How do muscles and glands respond to imulses from the nervous system?

A

Muscles contract, glands secrete chemicals

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18
Q

Describe the stages/order of the nervous system/how it works.

A
  • Sense organs/receptors detect external stimuli
  • Sensory neurons then carry electrical impulses from these receptors to the CNS
  • The CNS coordinates a response (reflex or thought through)
  • Motor neurons then carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs
  • The effector organs then carry out the response to the initial stimuli
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19
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid, automatic responses of the nervous system that do not involve conscious thought

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20
Q

What are the main steps of a reflex action?

A
  • Receptor detects stimulus
  • Sensory neuron transmits impulse to the CNS
  • Relay neuron passes the impulse on
  • Motor neuron is stimulated
  • Impulse passes to an effector
  • Action/response is taken
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21
Q

What is the name of the junction between two neurons?

A

A synapse

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22
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction/gap bwteeen two neurons where the transmission of information is chemical rather than electrical

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23
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The name for the sequence from receptor to effector when performing a reflex action

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24
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle take?

A

About 28 days (1 month)

25
Q

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

About 14 days into the cycle

26
Q

What is FSH and what does it do?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone is made by the pituitary gland and causes the egg to mature and oestrogen to be produced.

27
Q

What is the pituitary gland/what does it do?

A

Small gland in the brain which produces a range of hormones controlling body functions

28
Q

What is oestrogen and what does it do?

A

Hormone produced in the ovaries. Inhibits further production of FSH and stimulates the production of LH + the womb lining to develop to recieve a fertilised egg

29
Q

What is LH and what does it do?

A

Luteinising hormone made by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the mature egg to be released from the ovary (ovulation)

30
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When the mature egg is released from the ovary

31
Q

Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle.

A
  • FSH, made in the pituitary gland, causes egg to mature + production of oestrogen
  • Oestrogen, produced by the ovaries, inhibits further FSH production. Stimulates LH production + development of womb lining ready for ovulation.
  • LH, produced in the pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation.
32
Q

What is the contraceptive pill?

A

Pill containing female sex hormones, such as oestrogen and progesterone, used to prevent contraception

33
Q

What is progesterone?

A

Female sex hormone used in the contraceptive pill

34
Q

Why are some contraceptive pills progesterone-only?

A

Because this has fewer side effects than also using oestrogen

35
Q

How do contraceptive pills work?

A

Inhibits production of FSH so no eggs can mature. This means that ovulation does not occur, and subsequently neither can pregnancy.

36
Q

What is a ‘fertility treatment’?

A

When a woman is given FSH and LH to help produce mature eggs and release them (ovulation) respectively

37
Q

Describe how IVF works.

A
  • Fertility drugs (containing FSH) are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time for collection
  • The eggs are collected and places in a special solution in a Petri dish
  • A sample of semen is collected
  • The eggs and sperm are mixed in the Petri dish
  • The eggs are checked to make sure they’ve been fertilised and the embryos are developing properly
  • 1 or 2 embryos are then placed inside the uterus of the mother. Hopefully, at least one baby will grow + develop successfully.
38
Q

What are the advantages of contraceptive pills?

A
  • Have helped reduce family size which has helped reduce poverty in some areas
  • Allows women to control their pregnancies
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of contraceptive pills?

A
  • Can cause side effects
  • Some people object to it for moral/ethical/religious reasons
40
Q

What are the advantages of fertility treatments/drugs?

A
  • Fertility drugs can help infertile couples who are having IVF
  • IVF can help couples have a baby
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of fertility treatments/drugs?

A
  • IVF is expensive
  • Some people think it is unethical when women have babies using IVF
  • Extra embryos produced may be stored/destroyed (unethical/against religions/morals, wasteful)
42
Q

What is ‘internal environment’?

A

The conditions inside the body

43
Q

What internal conditions are controlled by the body?

A
  • Water content
  • Ion content
  • Temperature
  • Blood sugar level
44
Q

What controls the level of sugar in our blood?

A

The pancreas

45
Q

Why must we keep our body temperature constant?

A

So that enzymes in the body are not denatured/work as efficiently as possible

46
Q

How do we lose water?

A
  • Breathing
  • Sweating
  • Excess is lost in urine (produced by kidneys)
47
Q

How do we lose ions?

A
  • Sweat
  • Kidneys
  • Urine
48
Q

How do we lose sugar?

A

Through respiration

49
Q

What are plants sensitive to/what do they respond to?

A
  • Light
  • Gravity
  • Moisture
50
Q

What is phototrophism?

A

The response of a plant shoot growing towards light.

It is controlled by auxin

51
Q

What is gravitrophism?

A

The response of a plant root growing towards gravity.

It is controlled by auxin

52
Q

How do plants respond to light, gravity, and moisture?

A
  • Phototrophism
  • Gravitrophism
  • Roots grow towards water
53
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone which controls phototrophism and gravitrophism

54
Q

What does unequal distribution of auxin cause?

A

Unequal plant growth.

This, in turn, results in the bending of the shoot or root

55
Q

What are the uses of plant growth hormones?

A
  • Can be used as weed killers
  • To stimulate root growth

Horticulture + agriculture (respectively)

56
Q

Describe an experiment that could be used to demonstrate gravitrophism.

A
  • Normal young bean is laid on its side in the dark. The auxin is equally spread
  • In the root, more auxin gathers on the lower side
  • The root grows more towards the side with the least auxin, making it bend and grow down towards the force of gravity.
  • When it has grown downwards, the auxin becomes evenly spread again
  • The shoot grows more on the side with the most auxin, away from the force of gravity
  • When it has grown upwards, the auxin become evenly spread again
57
Q

How are hormones used in women?

A
  • Use contraceptive pills to plan + prevent pregnancies
  • To help them become pregnant
  • To help older women have babies. May involve using an egg donor being given hormones to produce egg-stra eggs.

(It can also be used to write objectifying exam-style questions)

58
Q

How are hormones used in plants?

A
  • Weedkillers are used to kill unwanted plants
  • When cuttings are taken, hormones can be used to encourage root growth before planting
  • Can encourgae fruit to ripen
  • If used incorrectly can damage the environment. E.g. weedkillers may harm other plants.

GCSE Biology (B1) (7 decks)

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