Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Unit 5 > Coordination > Flashcards

Coordination Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The network of nerve cells and fibres that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

The collection of glands in an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Chemical mediator?

A

Chemicals that are released from certain mammalian cells and have an effect on cells in their immediate vicinity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Histamine?

A

Stored in certain blood cells and released after an injury or in response to an allergen. It causes dilation of small arteries and arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries leading to localised swelling, redness and itching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an Allergen?

A

A substance that causes an allergic reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Prostaglandins?

A

Found in the cell membranes and cause dilation of small arteries and arterioles. It increases the permeability of capillaries and affects blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Plant growth factors?

A

They exert their influence by affecting growth.
They are made by cells located throughout the plant rather than in particular organs.
Some affect the tissues that release them rather than acting on a distant target organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Indoleacetic acid?

A

A plant growth factor that causes cells to elongate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Tropism?

A

The turning of parts of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Geotropism ?

A

A response to gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Phototropism?

A

A response to light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Hydrotropism?

A

A response to water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an Axon ?

A

A single long fibre that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Dendrons?

A

Small extensions of the cell body which subdivide into smaller branched fibres, called dendrites, that carry nerve impulses towards the cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Schwann cells ?

A

They surround the axon, protecting it and providing electrical insulation. They also carry out phagocytosis and play a part in nerve regeneration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Myelin sheath?

A

Covers the axon and made from the membranes of schwann cells. This defines a mylinated neurone. They transmit a nerve impulse at a faster rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps between adjacent schwann cells where there is no myelin sheath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Sensory neurone?

A

It transfers the nerve impulse from the receptor to the intermediate/relay neurone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Motor neurone?

A

It transfers the nerve impulse from the relay/ intermediate neurone to the effector.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an Intermediate/relay neurone?

A

It passes the neurone from the sensory to the motor neurone.

21
Q

What is Phospholipid bilayer?

A

Makes up the membrane of the axon and prevents sodium and potassium ions diffusing across it.

22
Q

What is Intrinsic proteins?

A

Proteins that span the phospholipid bilayer.

23
Q

What is Sodium-potassium pump?

A

Some intrinsic proteins actively transport potassium ions into the axon and sodium ions out of the axon.

24
Q

What is Resting potential?

A

The inside of the axon is negatively charged relative to the outside because the sodium ions are actively transported out of the axon by the sodium and potassium pump and potassium are actively transported int o the axon. 3 sodiums in to 2 potassiums out. Both are positive but there is more positive outside therefore the inside of the axon is negative.

25
Q

What is Polarised?

A

When an axon is at resting potential.

26
Q

What is Action potential?

A

When a stimulus is received by a receptor and its energy causes a temporary reversal of the charges on the axon membrane. As a result the negative charge of -65mV inside the axon becomes positively charged.

27
Q

What is Depolarised?

A

The condition of the axon as the action potential occurs.

28
Q

What is Repolarised?

A

A depolarised cell returns to resting potential.

29
Q

What is Salutatory conduction?

A

The action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another.

30
Q

What is a Voltage-gated channel?

A

Protein channel across a cell surface membrane that opens and closes according to changes in the electrical potential across the membrane.

31
Q

What is Refractory period?

A

The period during which the membrane of th axon of a neruone cannot be depolarised and no action potential can be initiated.

32
Q

What is the All-or-nothing response?

A

There is a threshold value that is either reached or not so there is either an action potential triggered or not, there is no inbetween.

33
Q

What isa Threshold value?

A

The required level of stimulus for an action potential to be initiated.

34
Q

What is Neurotransmitter?

A

Chemicals released over a synapse to start an action potential on the post-synaptic neurone.

35
Q

What is a Synaptic cleft?

A

The gap between synapses 20-30nm wide.

36
Q

What is

Presynaptic neurone?

A

The neurone that releases the neurotransmitter.

37
Q

What is a synaptic knob?

A

The end of the neurone that is swollen.

38
Q

What is Mitochondria?

A

Organelles used for respiration and the release of ATP.

39
Q

What is Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosome covered tubules used for proteinsynthesis.

40
Q

What is Synaptic vesicles?

A

Where the neurotransmitters are stored and released from.

41
Q

What is Action potential?

A

Change that occurs in the electrical charge across the membrane of an axon when it is stimulated and a nerve impulse passes.

42
Q

What is Spatial summation?

A

A number of different presynaptic neurones together release enough neurotransmitter to exceed the threshold value of the postsynaptic neurone together they therefore trigger a new action potential.

43
Q

What is Temporal summation?

A

A single presynaptic neurone releases neurotransmitter many times in a short period. If the total amount of neurotransmitter exceeds the threshold value of the postsynaptic neurone then a new action potential is triggered.

44
Q

What is Inhibition?

A

Chloride ion channel are open and this leads to an inward diffusion of Cl ions making the inside of the postsynaptic neurone more negative than resting potential, this is called hyperpolarisation and it makes it less likely that a new action potential will be created.

45
Q

What is Cholinergic synapse?

A

This is a synapse where the neurotransmitter is a chemical called actylcholine. Common in vertebrates, the CNS and at neuromuscular junctions.

46
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter made up of two parts, acetyl and choline.

47
Q

What is GABA?

A

One of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the CNS.

48
Q

Why are there two gradients in the passage of a nerve impulse?

A

There is a positive/negative gradient due to ion charges. Also there is a concentration gradient of potassium and sodium.

49
Q

How is the resting potential reached?

A

Potassium in, sodium out by active transport. Sodium channels are shut to diffusion and potassium channels are open so potassium moves down the concentration gradient and reduces the number of positive ions inside, maintaining the negative charge. Sodium does the same but on smaller scale and the axon membrane is 100 times more permeable to potassium ions than sodium ions.

Biology Unit 5 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions