Coördination

Question 1

Computational approach

Answer 1

Sensation –> Information processing –> Perception –> Decision –> Motor programming –> Action

Question 2

Bayesian Information processing

Answer 2

Uncertainty in sensory signals. Important to reduce uncertainty. this can be done by likelihood and prior information. Combine those 2 and you get the final perception (posterior)

Question 3

Bayesian state estimation

Answer 3

Likelihood: Probability of observation ‘o’ if the value is ‘x’
Prior: Probability that the value is ‘x’ based on prior experience
Posterior: combination of both.

Question 4

Forward model

Answer 4

CNS calculated via the already known motor commands what the effect is to predict the outcome

Question 4

Computation approaches or information processing approaches

Answer 4

Stimuli –> Information processing –> Perception.

Indirect perception. Processes needed to interpret stimuli

Question 4

Ecological psychology

Answer 4

No processing/computation is required. Because information is already present in the structure of the light that surrounds you. The optic array. –> Direct perception

Question 4

Open loop control

Answer 4

Computational approach. No sensory feedback infolved.

Desired movement –> CNS –> Controlled system (muscles) –> Actual movement.

Question 4

Forward dynamic model

Answer 4

Predicting what the movement will be.

Question 4

Forward sensory model:

Answer 4

Predictig what the sensory feedback will be when i perform this movement

Question 5

Internal models in CNS

Answer 5

Representations of motor apparatus (stiffness damping, segment length) & context (know the size of the ball and racket during tennis)
Essential role in sensorimotor loop

Question 5

Inverse model

Answer 5

You want to achieve something in the future –> the CNS is already calculating what the motor commands are that you need to achieve it

Question 6

Adequacy

Answer 6

Depends on:
- Quality of inverse model
- quality of current state estimation
- influence of external disturbances

Question 7

Error correction (in Forward models)

Answer 7

Feeback:
- Reponse to external pertubations
- Involves time delay
- Risk of oscillations because the CNS bases the corrections on a context a few seconds ago

Feedforward:
- Very fast.
- Cannot correct voor pertubations: Because you need sensory information to do this.

Question 8

Motor Learning

Answer 8

Changes in internal models. Inverse models (in cerebellar cortex) Improves based on feedback, during learning. The model is adapting during the movements you make.

Question 9

TTC

Answer 9

How long does it take before point of observation and object will collide. distance divided by speed

Question 10

Common coding theory

Answer 10

Action and perception share a common domain. Common event codes. Shared representations.

Action goal is a perceptual goal.

Question 11

Synergies

Answer 11

Group of muscles, spanning multiple joints that operate as a functional unit –> Reduction of DOF to be controlled.

Question 12

Synergy in practice

Answer 12

Novices use less synergies in beam walking (4) than dancers (7).
Stroke survivors have less synergies. Rehab can help regain synergies.

Practice also gives better control over the synergies. (walking –> Toddlers and preschoolers use the same. But improve control.)