Conversational strategies Flashcards
Openings
- ritualistic and expected
Greetings (openings)
- ‘Hi Meg… how are you?’
- ‘Hey mate’
- “wassup’
Protocols (openings)
- ‘Good morning, how may I help you’
Greeting structures (adjacency pairs)
-‘Hi how are you?’
-‘I’m good thanks, how are you’
…..
2/3 part exchanges
- question and answer (interrogative/dec. struct.)
- offer and refusal/acceptance
(would you like a coffee?
no thanks) - statement and acknowledgement
(statement and expected acknowledgement)
Turn-taking
rising and / or falling intonation and pitch direction
(signal holding/relinquishing floor)
- altered volume or pace
- direct signals
- disc. particles
- body language - gestures, posture, gaze
discourse particles
- ‘so anyway’
- ‘well, yeah’
direct signals
- vocative (names/mate)
- interrogative tags (It’s a windy day isn’t it?)
Taking the floor
- volume is increased (drown everyone out)
- stress (first word to take floor)
- intake of breath (H)
- discourse particles
- vocatives
- overlap
Topic management
- discourse
- pauses
- (H)
- signal changes
- interrogatives, dec., and imperatives
- NPs, fragments
- topic loops
signal changes
- ‘that reminds me…’
- ‘by the way…’
topic loops
- ‘getting back to x’
- ‘what you were saying before..’
holding the floor
-voiced hesitations (um,er,ah)
PROSODICS
- elongation of sound
- slower/faster pace
- rising intonation - signals continuation
- volume
Linking elements
Linking elements
- parataxis - use of coordination = paratactic style
- FANBOYS
Linking elements
- parataxis - use of coordination = paratactic style
- FANBOYS
- pauses
Non-fluency features
- These features usually indicate a text is unscripted and spontaneous
-pauses
-repetition
apologies - disc breakdown
-false start - beginning of an utterance
- running repair
- voiced hesitations
false start
‘Where…what time is it?’
Running repair
‘His birthday’s in Nov-… December’
Backchannelling
- minimal responses
- listening sounds
- communicates encouragement, support and understanding
listening sounds
-mm, aha, ah
Minimal responses
- brief utterances
- yep, right, I know
