Controlling the People 1918-32 Flashcards
what features of the constitution allowed the Weimar to control extremism
-president could use article 48 and order armed forces to get rid of rebellions
-Reichstag could pass laws prohibiting extremist organisations
-the police, courts and judiciary could prosecute and imprison enemies of democracy who had broken the law
-politicians could appeal directly to the german public for support
how did ebert act in 1918 to stop left wing revolution
-Ebert-Groener pact agreed in nov 1918 which committed the army to defend the new regime
-to stop workers from supporting communism, ebert made negotiations with unions to guarantee worker rights: trade union recognition, max 8hr day, free collective bargaining
-after the deal union membership rose from 2.8 mill to 7.3 mill
-eberts first cabinet designed to appeal to the left as it included SPD and USPD
how many deputies were SPD in the National Congress or Workers and Soldiers Councils
2/3 Showed that eberts left wing tactics payed off as SPD gaining more support
how did ebert react to the spartacist uprising
used ebert-groener pact to crush them, the pact made cooperation between moderate and radical left difficult and radicals blamed ebert for the deaths of Liebknecht and Luxemberg
how did ebert react to the Kapp Putsch
-army unwilling to prevent right wing uprising so ebert had to rely on workers to strike
-Ebert invoked article 48 and worked with trade unions to cut off gas electricity and water throughout berlin
-Kapp couldnt make new government without basic necesities so the uprising ended after 4 days
how did ebert react to the ruhr uprising
-suppressed by army
-government postponed 1920 elections to allow support for extremism to dissipate
-SPD and DDP and ZP only gained 44.6%
how many votes did pro weimar parties gain in 1921 elections
between SPD and DDP and Center party only 44.6%
what did the reichstag do as a reaction to the assassination of Rathenau
-passed the law for the protection of the republic
-this increased the sentences for politically motivated violence and allowed some political groups to be banned
what important politician was assassinated
Walter Rathenau
what happened to the Nazis in 1922
-were banned in Prussia, Saxony, Baden, Thuringia and Hamburg
what did ebert in response to uprisings in 1923
-invoked article 48
-ordered the army to crush the Kustrin Putsch
-KPD in Saxony wanted to carry out a revolution inspired by the 1917 revolution in Russia, ebert used article 48 to dismiss them
-used article 48 against hitlers munich pustch, worked with the police to crush them
why were the police and judiciary a threat to the republic
-police were sympathetic to right wing
-judiciary were mostly conservative nationalists and used power to combat leftwing extremism but overlooked crimes of right wing
how many murders did right wing commit in 1919-22
354
how many right wing murderers went unpunished
326 unpunished
how many right wing extremists given life sentence
1
how many murders did left wing commit in 1919-22
22
how many left wing extremists went unpunished
4
how many left wing extremists given death sentences or life
10 death
3 life
what did the judiciary do against left wing
-used full power of law of the protection of the republic against left wing
whos an example of a right wing judge
Georg Neithardt
Whos an example of a right winger who recieved a lenient sentence
Ernst Buckrucker went to low security prison for part in Kustrin Putsch
What was Hitlers punishment for munich pustch
-5 years in Landsberg prison but only served 9 months
-Landsberg prison a very low security prison, hitler given alot of freedom
what did stresemanns policy of fulfilment do
led to an end of french an belgian occupation of the ruhr
what did stresmanns dawes plan do
ensured economic recovery
what did stresemanns locarno treaties do
1925
helped to improve relations with germanys enemies and reduced international tension to allow for more trade and helped the economy, this underpinned extremism
what did stresemanns young plan do
led to allies agreeing to complete withdrawal from the rhineland
how many votes did extremists get in 1928 elections
nazis and KPD got less than 15% vote between them, showed that extremism support reducing
how many votes did pro democracy parties gain in 1928 elections
49.9% vote between them
how many germans opposed young plan
5.8 mill germans, showed that many not supporting stresemanns reforms, they wanted more decisive action against TOV
what did hindenburg think of democracy
thought it wasnt strong enough to solve the problems that germany faced in early 1930s, was unwilling to defend democracy
how many times did hindenburg issue emergency decrees
5 in 1930
48 in 1931
66 in 1932
used it to attack the democratic aspects of weimar
how did hindenburg use the emergency powers, example
jul 1932
von papen and hindenburg used it to seize control of SPD led government in Prussia
how did bruning attempt to control extremism
-used article 48 to ban political uniform, SA couldnt wear brown shirts but wore white shirts instead
-KPD RED army did the same
-bruning issued a decree to ban SA and SS in april 1932
-police sympathetic to SA so they continued with violence
how did schleicher, von papen and senior generals agree to deal with right wing extremism
wanted to “tame the nazis”
how did schleicher and von papen deal with the nazis
-schleicher believed that new government must have popular support to succeed, needed support of nazis
-von papen lifted ban of SA and SS in june 1932 and invited hitler as vice chancellor, hitler refused
-schleicher offered vice chancellorship to Strasser (a member of nazis who is hitlers rival) he thought this would split and neutralise them but this failed
