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Microbiology Chapter 8 > Controlling Microbial Growth in Vitro > Flashcards

Controlling Microbial Growth in Vitro Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pathogenic staphylococcal species?

A

staphylococcal aureus

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2
Q

What microbes are obligate intracellular pathogens?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Sterilization

A

Removal of all microorganisms (absolutely free of microbes, endospores and viruses).

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4
Q

Disinfection

A

Eliminates most pathogens (not endospores)

Some viable microbes may exist.

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5
Q

What disinfectants is used on inanimate objects and surfaces?

A

Disinfectant or biocides or germicides

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6
Q

What disinfectant is used on living tissues (skin)?

A

Antiseptics (de-germining)

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7
Q

Pasteurization

A

Brief heat treatment used to reduce organisms that cause food spoilage.

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8
Q

True or False:

Surfaces can also be pasteurized?

A

True

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9
Q

Sanitized

A

Reducing microbial contamination to acceptable “safe” levels.

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10
Q

Preservation

A

Process used to delay spoilage of perishable items.

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11
Q

What control approach often includes that addition of growth inhibiting ingredients?

A

Preservation

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12
Q

What do the sufix -cide or dical refer to?

A

Killing

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13
Q

What are chemicals that kill microbes?

A

Germicidal agents, biocidal agents and microbicidal agents.

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14
Q

What agents kill bacteria, but not necessarily endospores?

A

Bactericidal agents

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15
Q

What do sporicidal agents kill?

A

Bacterial Endospores

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16
Q

What agents kill fungi and fungal spores?

A

Fungicidal agents

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17
Q

What do algicidal agent and viricidal agents?

A

Algicidal - kill algae

Viricidal - destroy viruses

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18
Q

What is growth?

A

The acquisition of biomass leading to cell division, or reproduction.

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19
Q

Tolerance means?

A

Microbes will survive under certain conditions, but will not necessarily grow.

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20
Q

-phile means

A

Describe conditions permitting growth.

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21
Q

What the difference between thermophilic bacterium and thermotolerant?

A

Thermophilic will grow under conditions of elevated temperature. Thermotolerant bacterium will survives, but will not necessarily grow.

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22
Q

What is the difference between obligate and facultative?

A

Obligate - means that a given condition is required for growth.
Facultative means the organisms can grow under conditions, but is not required.

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23
Q

What factors can affect microbial growth?

A

Nutrients, moisture, temperature, pH, Osmotic pressure and salinity, barometric pressure.

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24
Q

What means that the microbes prefer pH of 2-5?

A

Acidophiles (ex. Helicobacter pylori)

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25
Q

What means that the microbes prefer pH greater than 8.5?

A

Alkaliphiles (ex. yeast, vibrio cholerae)

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26
Q

What are Halophilies?

A

Microbes that prefer a certain osmotic pressure and salinity. (ex. staphylococcus aureus)

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27
Q

What microbes prefer barometric pressure?

A

Barophiles

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28
Q

What is pickling?

A

Pickling is in a hypertonic. The bacteria undergo plasmolysis which prevents food spoilage.

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29
Q

What types of microbes are obligate aerobes?

A

Most fungi, algae, protazoa, and bacteria

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30
Q

Are facultative aerobes gram positive or negative pathogens?

A

Gram negative pathogens (ex. escherichia)

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31
Q

What amount of oxygen do microaerophiles require?

A

Roughly 5% of oxygen

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32
Q

What microbes are killed by the presence of oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobes (ex. clostridia)

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33
Q

Aerotolerent

A

Can live in oxygen environments, just won’t necessarily grow.

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34
Q

What are capnophiles?

A

Grow in environments with higher concentration of CO2.

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35
Q

Where are most canophiles found in the body?

A

Most are found in the intestinal tract, respiratory tract, and other body tissues where pathogenic bacteria grow.

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36
Q

What does an anoxic jar do?

A

An anoxic jar creates an oxygen free atmosphere for anaerobe growth.

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37
Q

What is the O2 free chamber used for?

A

The anaerobic chamber is for building up for culturing bacteria.

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38
Q

Is bacterial growth an increase in number or size?

A

Number

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39
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

40
Q

What is generation time?

A

The time is takes one cell to be come two cells. (ex. E.coli = 20 minutes)

41
Q

What are artificial media?

A

Liquid and solid (physical state)

Chemical defined, complex media (composition)

Selective media, differential media, enriched media, aerobic media (function)

42
Q

Define: Chemically defined

A

Highly purified inorganic and organic compounds in H2O

43
Q

What is complex (undefined) microbial growth?

A

digests of casein, beef, soybeans, yeast

44
Q

What are the three types of media? And what does each mean?

A

Selective - suppress unwanted microbes

Differential - differentiation of colonies

Enriched - similar to selective but increase desired microbes levels

45
Q

Are the three types of media (selective, differential, and enriched) exclusive?

A

No, they are not exclusive. Blood agar, for example, is both enriched and differential.

46
Q

What is MacConkey agar used for?

A

Inhibit gram (+), lactose, pH indicatior (pink = acid)

Lactose fermenter pink colonies (Ex. E. coli)

Non-lactose fermenter white/transparent (salomnella)

47
Q

What is Mannitol-salt agar is used for?

A

For staphylococus

It inhibits most bacteria. Yellow = acid

48
Q

What indicates staphylococus aureus?

A

Yellow colonies

49
Q

Does staphylococus epidermidis have any color?

A

No

50
Q

What do metallic green sheen colonies on a eosin methylene blue agar indicate?

A

Strong lactose fermenter. Also, can indicate E. coli.

51
Q

What does brown-pink coloration of growth on a eosin methylene blue agar indicate?

A

Weak fermentation of lactose. Also can indicate klebsiella or enterobacter.

52
Q

What does translucent color on a eosin methylene blue agar indicate?

A

Non-lactose. Also indicates pseudomonas or salmonella (non-coliform)

53
Q

What kind of enterobacteriaceae are found when a patient has E. coli?

A

EHEC-0157:H7

ex. of symptoms = bloody diarrhea

54
Q

How do you culture Protoza?

A

Protozoa can be cultured in vitro.

55
Q

What are the four main phases of growth in bacterial culture?

A

Lag phase, exponential growth, stationary, and death phase.

56
Q

When brewing beer, which phase of the four main phases would you need to have the beer in?

A

The exponential growth phase. This is done by continuously adding more of the food or liquid to the growth chamber.

57
Q

What are contaminants?

A

Unwanted organisms

58
Q

What is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles in the test tubes called?

A

Turbidity

59
Q

What is direct cell count?

A

When special slides are used to count how many living cells are in a mL.

60
Q

What is a flow cytometer used for?

A

It is a technology that is used to analyse the physical and chemical characteristics of particles in a fluid as it passes through at least one laser.

61
Q

What is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reactions?

A

Real-time PCR

62
Q

What types of plates are used for indicating streptococcus species?

A

Blood agar plates

63
Q

What are the three branches of streptococcus?

A

alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, and gamma-hemolytic.

64
Q

What can alpha-hemolytic cause?

A

Pneumoniae and viridans

65
Q

What can beta-hemolytic cause?

A

Pyogenes (group A strep) and agalactiae (group B strep).

66
Q

Which type of streptococcus causes strep throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes group A bacteria.

67
Q

What can gamma-hemolytic cause?

A

Entreococcus

68
Q

Which type of strep reacts with bacitracin disks?

A

Group A

69
Q

What are chocolate agar plates used for?

A

Growth of fastidious organisms. (ex. neisseria gonorrhoeae and neisseria meningitis)

70
Q

What is a drug or chemical that inhibits growth?

A

Microbistatic agents

71
Q

What agent is one that specifically inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria?

A

Bacteriostatic agent

72
Q

What is the process that combines dehydration and freezing. Typically used to preserve foods, make antibiotics, microorganisms and other biological materials?

A

Lyophilization

73
Q

What is the term used to refer to the presence of pathogens in the blood and tissue?

A

Sepsis

74
Q

What does asepsis mean?

A

The absence of pathogens.

75
Q

What do antimicrobial procedures depend on?

A

Type of microbe, extent of contamination, environment, and composition of infected tissue.

76
Q

Which bacteria is resistant to heat, drying, and numerous chemicals?

A

Bacterial endospore

77
Q

What bacteria’s resistance is dependent on the cell wall structure?

A

Mycobacterium species

78
Q

What microbes generally excrete in feces and cause diarrheal disease?

A

Protozoan cysts and oocysts

79
Q

What species can grow in the presence of many chemical disinfectants?

A

Pseudomonas species

80
Q

Which viruses lack envelopes and are more resistant to chemical killing?

A

Naked viruses

81
Q

What temperature destroys most microoganisms and viruses?

A

Boiling

82
Q

Is boiling a good means of sterilization?

A

No

83
Q

True or False:

Boiling destroys endospores

A

False

84
Q

What does pasteurization do?

A

Pasteurization reduces organisms, but does not sterilize. It also increases shelf life of food.

85
Q

What does an autoclave do?

A

An autoclave uses pressurized steam to sterilize.

86
Q

What are the requirements to sterilize prions in an autoclave?

A

132*C and 15 psi for 4.5 hours

87
Q

Do cold temperatures kill microorganisms?

A

No, generally the microorganisms won’t die. Instead, their metabolic activities are slowed down.

88
Q

What is desiccation?

A

When microoganisms are dried. They are still viable, but cannot reproduce.

89
Q

True or False:

Radiation (gamma rays) can be used to destroy microbes in air, drinking water, and surfaces?

A

True

90
Q

What are ultrasonic waves used in hospitals and medical and dental clinics for?

A

Sterilization of equipment

91
Q

How do you separate cells/microorganisms from liquids or gases?

A

Filtraton

92
Q

True or False:

Gaseous atmospheres can be altered to inhibit growth?

A

True

93
Q

True or False:

Chemicals used to disinfect and sterilize are called germicidal chemicals?

A

True

94
Q

True or False:

Strong organic acids are often used as food preservatives?

A

False, weak ones are

95
Q

True of False:

Nitrates and nitrites are used in processed meats?

A

True; they are used to inhibit germination of endospores and growth of vegetative cells.

96
Q

What are lipid-containing viruses (category A)?

A

Lipoviruses

97
Q

True or False:

Category B viruses contain lipid in the virus?

A

False; they do not contain them

Microbiology Chapter 8 (1 decks)

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