Control Systems Flashcards
What pair of chromosomes does a woman have?
XX
Name the four hormones involved in the menstural cycle
Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH
Describe the menstural cycle
FSH causes follicle to mature in the ovaries and stimulates oestrogen production. Oestrogen then causes the uterus lining to thicken and grow, this also causes a spike in LH hormone. LH starts ovulation makes the follicle develop into a corpus liteum which secrets progesterone. Progesterone keeps the uterus lining thick and invites the grow of LH or FSH . When progesterone falls the uterus lining beaks down
How is glucose removed from the nephron
Removed from the nephron from the re-absorption this using energy and occurs by active transport
Urea enters the nephron from the
Bow mans capsule
Which hormone controls the permeability of the collection duct?
Antidiurectic
Urine is transported from the bladder through the
Urethra
Which hormone stimulates the release of the egg?
LH luteinizing hormone
What is a daily rhythm in a mall called?
Circadian rhythm
What are monoclonal antibodies
Identical copies of antibodies made in laboratories
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
A mouse is vaccinated to start the production of monoclonal antibodies, spleen cells from the mouse are collected. These are fused with myeloma cells (cancer) this forms a hybridoma. This cell rapidly divides the antibodies are then separated form the cells.
What is photoperiodism and why is it helpful
Plants can sense when the days get longer and therefore know when to germinate, some plants grow all year but grow faster in Autumn. Some plants sense short days or long nights and stop growing to brace for winter.
How do young lupin leaves protect themselves.?
They produce poisonous chemicals called alkaloids.
Are plant poisons useful and why
Digoxin found in foxgloves in small doses can improve the heartbeat
Quinine produced in cinchona trees can treat malaria
What does LH do in the menstural cycle
Stimulates ovulation at day 14 causing the follicle to rupture releasing the egg. It stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop to a corpus luteum which secrets progesterone
What does FSH do
Causes a follicle to mature in on of the ovaries and stimulates oestrogen production
What does oestrogen do
It stimulates the uterus linning do grow and causes a surge in LH
What does progesterone do
It maintains the lining of the uterus. It inhibits the production of FSH and LH. When progesterone level falls and there is a low oestrogen level the uterus lining breaks down.
What are types of fertility treatment
Hormones
IVf
Surrogate mother
Describe why a woman may use hormones
Some women have levels of FSH which is too low and can’t cause the eggs to mature . The hormone LH and FSH can be injected to stimulate egg release
What are the pros and cons of hormone treatment for pregnancy
Pros, it helps a lot of women get pregnant
Cons, it doesn’t always work some women may do it too many times which can be expensive, it can result in the stimulation of multiple eggs leading to triplets etc
Describe the process of IVf
In vitro fertilisation involves collecting eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab. This is grown into an embryo then inserted back into a woman
What are pros and cons with IVF
Pros, allows an infertile couple to have a child
Cons, some women have strong reaction to the hormones which stimulate egg production. There have been reports of increased risk of cancer . Multiple births can happen if more than one embryo becomes a baby
Why is IvF great
Women who can’t produce eggs can use an egg donors eggs and have IVF to conceive
What is a surrogate mother
Someone who carries your child because you can’t
How is the baby from a surrogate mother sometimes made
Through IVF a sperm or egg from the couple is used to create the embryo
How many pairs of chromosomes are there
22 matched pairs and one additional pair which determines sex
What happens to the sex chromosomes when making sperm
They are drawn apart in the first meiosis division , the sperm has a 50% chance of X chromosome and 50% chance of Y
What does it mean by sex linked genetic disorder
If the allele is located on a sex chromosome
Why do men not have the same alleles as women
The Y chromosome is much smaller so most of the genes are carried on the X
What is colour blindness
A faulty allele carried on the X chromosome
Why is colour blindness rarer in women
Women have two X chromomes , colour blindness is recessive this means they need to recessive alleles of the disorder colour blindness to be affected, as men only have one X chromosome and the allele is on the X chromomes if they have the recessive allele they have colour blindness
What does a number of bacteria of time graph look like
Exponential curve, as the number of bacteria double every 20 min
How did Louis Pasteur prove bacteria caused disease
He used two flasks, one straight top and one curved. He placed broth in each. As the curved flask had a curve the bacteria settled in it not affecting the broth, in the straight neck the bacteria fell into the broth and cause decay
How can you test for microbacteria
Using resazurin dye
How does Reszurin dye work
It’s colour changes depending on oxygen levels, microorganism use oxygen when they respire the dye will change to red when the oxygen in used , finally colourless
What do B lymphocytes do in response to infection
They produce antibodies
What do antibodies do
They kill pathogens by binding to its antigen
What’s a problem with b lymphocytes
They are highly specific there antibodies can only kill one type of pathogen
Why is immune response slow to a new pathogen
There aren’t many B lymphocytes that can produce antibodies at the tame
What is a memory lymphocyte
They are b lymphocytes hat remain in the body for a long time and remember a specific antibody, they can respond quickly to a known infection and kill it before symptoms are shown
What is immunisation
It involves injecting dead or inactive microorganism s into the body. They carry antigens this causes the body to produce antigens and Respond. This causes the production of memory lymphocytes which can respond quickly to a real infection
What did Edward Jenner do
Used cowpox to immunise against small pox
What are the pros and cons of infection
Large outbrakes of disease can be prevented if a large percentage of the population are immunised. Some diseases can be eradicated. However it doesn’t always work and sometimes you can’t have a bad reaction to vaccines
What are monoclonal antibodies
B LYMPHOCYTES FUSED WITH CANCER CELLS, this means they can divide
What’s a problem with b lymphocytes
They don’t divide very easily
What is a hybridoma
It is a fused b lymphocyte cell and a tumour they divide quickly and produce identical antibodies
What do monoclonal antibodies do in pregnancy tests
Antibodies bind to a hormone find in women’s urine en they are pregnant . The urine moves up the strip to the blue beeds, the beads and the hormone bind to the antibodies on the strip, is causes a colour change as the blue beads stay on the strip. If the hormone wasn’t present the urine would carry the beads off the strip meaning no colour change
How are monoclonal antibodies used to diagnose cancer
Different cells in the body have different antigens on the surface. Cancer cells have antigens that aren’t found on normal body cells, monoclonal antibodies bind to these tumour markers
How can you detect the monoclonal antibodies in the body
They are labelled with a radioactive elements . The monoclonal antibodies are given to a patient through a drip when the find the cancer they bind with it. A detector detects where the radioactive element is this will be where the cancer cell is
How can antibodies be used to treat cancer
An anti cancer drug is attached to the monoclonal antibodies. It is given through a drip the antibodies bind with the cancer cells because of there antigens, the drug kills the cancer cells. This is better than radiotherapy which can kill normal body cells
How can monoclonal antibodies find blood clots
When blood clots proteins in the blood join together. Monoclonal antibodies have been developed to bind to these proteins attach a radioactive element and detect
Give examples of drugs from plants
Aspirin - bark of the willow tree
Taxol - bark of the Pacific yew tree
Quinine - cinchona tree
What is aspirin
It comes from the bark of a willow tree and can treat pain and lower fever
What is taxol
It comes from the bark of the Pacific yew tree , this drugs can be used to fight cancer
What is quinine
It used as a treatment against malaria and comes from the South American cinchona tree
What can affect crop yields
Pests
What ways to pests reduce crop yeild
Fruit flies feed on them. Weeds that grow near plants compete for nutrients so if the plant gets less nutrients its yeild will be less as its growth is worse. Pathogen takes energy as the plant has to replace bits, this means less energy for useful things like apples
Why are pests a problem
They have to be dealt with which is expensive to do. You need to by pesticides or disease resistant crops
