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Biology B3 > Control Systems > Flashcards

Control Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What pair of chromosomes does a woman have?

A

XX

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2
Q

Name the four hormones involved in the menstural cycle

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH

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3
Q

Describe the menstural cycle

A

FSH causes follicle to mature in the ovaries and stimulates oestrogen production. Oestrogen then causes the uterus lining to thicken and grow, this also causes a spike in LH hormone. LH starts ovulation makes the follicle develop into a corpus liteum which secrets progesterone. Progesterone keeps the uterus lining thick and invites the grow of LH or FSH . When progesterone falls the uterus lining beaks down

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4
Q

How is glucose removed from the nephron

A

Removed from the nephron from the re-absorption this using energy and occurs by active transport

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5
Q

Urea enters the nephron from the

A

Bow mans capsule

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6
Q

Which hormone controls the permeability of the collection duct?

A

Antidiurectic

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7
Q

Urine is transported from the bladder through the

A

Urethra

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8
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of the egg?

A

LH luteinizing hormone

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9
Q

What is a daily rhythm in a mall called?

A

Circadian rhythm

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10
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Identical copies of antibodies made in laboratories

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11
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

A mouse is vaccinated to start the production of monoclonal antibodies, spleen cells from the mouse are collected. These are fused with myeloma cells (cancer) this forms a hybridoma. This cell rapidly divides the antibodies are then separated form the cells.

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12
Q

What is photoperiodism and why is it helpful

A

Plants can sense when the days get longer and therefore know when to germinate, some plants grow all year but grow faster in Autumn. Some plants sense short days or long nights and stop growing to brace for winter.

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13
Q

How do young lupin leaves protect themselves.?

A

They produce poisonous chemicals called alkaloids.

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14
Q

Are plant poisons useful and why

A

Digoxin found in foxgloves in small doses can improve the heartbeat
Quinine produced in cinchona trees can treat malaria

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15
Q

What does LH do in the menstural cycle

A

Stimulates ovulation at day 14 causing the follicle to rupture releasing the egg. It stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop to a corpus luteum which secrets progesterone

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16
Q

What does FSH do

A

Causes a follicle to mature in on of the ovaries and stimulates oestrogen production

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17
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

It stimulates the uterus linning do grow and causes a surge in LH

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18
Q

What does progesterone do

A

It maintains the lining of the uterus. It inhibits the production of FSH and LH. When progesterone level falls and there is a low oestrogen level the uterus lining breaks down.

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19
Q

What are types of fertility treatment

A

Hormones
IVf
Surrogate mother

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20
Q

Describe why a woman may use hormones

A

Some women have levels of FSH which is too low and can’t cause the eggs to mature . The hormone LH and FSH can be injected to stimulate egg release

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21
Q

What are the pros and cons of hormone treatment for pregnancy

A

Pros, it helps a lot of women get pregnant
Cons, it doesn’t always work some women may do it too many times which can be expensive, it can result in the stimulation of multiple eggs leading to triplets etc

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22
Q

Describe the process of IVf

A

In vitro fertilisation involves collecting eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab. This is grown into an embryo then inserted back into a woman

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23
Q

What are pros and cons with IVF

A

Pros, allows an infertile couple to have a child
Cons, some women have strong reaction to the hormones which stimulate egg production. There have been reports of increased risk of cancer . Multiple births can happen if more than one embryo becomes a baby

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24
Q

Why is IvF great

A

Women who can’t produce eggs can use an egg donors eggs and have IVF to conceive

25
Q

What is a surrogate mother

A

Someone who carries your child because you can’t

26
Q

How is the baby from a surrogate mother sometimes made

A

Through IVF a sperm or egg from the couple is used to create the embryo

27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there

A

22 matched pairs and one additional pair which determines sex

28
Q

What happens to the sex chromosomes when making sperm

A

They are drawn apart in the first meiosis division , the sperm has a 50% chance of X chromosome and 50% chance of Y

29
Q

What does it mean by sex linked genetic disorder

A

If the allele is located on a sex chromosome

30
Q

Why do men not have the same alleles as women

A

The Y chromosome is much smaller so most of the genes are carried on the X

31
Q

What is colour blindness

A

A faulty allele carried on the X chromosome

32
Q

Why is colour blindness rarer in women

A

Women have two X chromomes , colour blindness is recessive this means they need to recessive alleles of the disorder colour blindness to be affected, as men only have one X chromosome and the allele is on the X chromomes if they have the recessive allele they have colour blindness

33
Q

What does a number of bacteria of time graph look like

A

Exponential curve, as the number of bacteria double every 20 min

34
Q

How did Louis Pasteur prove bacteria caused disease

A

He used two flasks, one straight top and one curved. He placed broth in each. As the curved flask had a curve the bacteria settled in it not affecting the broth, in the straight neck the bacteria fell into the broth and cause decay

35
Q

How can you test for microbacteria

A

Using resazurin dye

36
Q

How does Reszurin dye work

A

It’s colour changes depending on oxygen levels, microorganism use oxygen when they respire the dye will change to red when the oxygen in used , finally colourless

37
Q

What do B lymphocytes do in response to infection

A

They produce antibodies

38
Q

What do antibodies do

A

They kill pathogens by binding to its antigen

39
Q

What’s a problem with b lymphocytes

A

They are highly specific there antibodies can only kill one type of pathogen

40
Q

Why is immune response slow to a new pathogen

A

There aren’t many B lymphocytes that can produce antibodies at the tame

41
Q

What is a memory lymphocyte

A

They are b lymphocytes hat remain in the body for a long time and remember a specific antibody, they can respond quickly to a known infection and kill it before symptoms are shown

42
Q

What is immunisation

A

It involves injecting dead or inactive microorganism s into the body. They carry antigens this causes the body to produce antigens and Respond. This causes the production of memory lymphocytes which can respond quickly to a real infection

43
Q

What did Edward Jenner do

A

Used cowpox to immunise against small pox

44
Q

What are the pros and cons of infection

A

Large outbrakes of disease can be prevented if a large percentage of the population are immunised. Some diseases can be eradicated. However it doesn’t always work and sometimes you can’t have a bad reaction to vaccines

45
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

B LYMPHOCYTES FUSED WITH CANCER CELLS, this means they can divide

46
Q

What’s a problem with b lymphocytes

A

They don’t divide very easily

47
Q

What is a hybridoma

A

It is a fused b lymphocyte cell and a tumour they divide quickly and produce identical antibodies

48
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies do in pregnancy tests

A

Antibodies bind to a hormone find in women’s urine en they are pregnant . The urine moves up the strip to the blue beeds, the beads and the hormone bind to the antibodies on the strip, is causes a colour change as the blue beads stay on the strip. If the hormone wasn’t present the urine would carry the beads off the strip meaning no colour change

49
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to diagnose cancer

A

Different cells in the body have different antigens on the surface. Cancer cells have antigens that aren’t found on normal body cells, monoclonal antibodies bind to these tumour markers

50
Q

How can you detect the monoclonal antibodies in the body

A

They are labelled with a radioactive elements . The monoclonal antibodies are given to a patient through a drip when the find the cancer they bind with it. A detector detects where the radioactive element is this will be where the cancer cell is

51
Q

How can antibodies be used to treat cancer

A

An anti cancer drug is attached to the monoclonal antibodies. It is given through a drip the antibodies bind with the cancer cells because of there antigens, the drug kills the cancer cells. This is better than radiotherapy which can kill normal body cells

52
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies find blood clots

A

When blood clots proteins in the blood join together. Monoclonal antibodies have been developed to bind to these proteins attach a radioactive element and detect

53
Q

Give examples of drugs from plants

A

Aspirin - bark of the willow tree
Taxol - bark of the Pacific yew tree
Quinine - cinchona tree

54
Q

What is aspirin

A

It comes from the bark of a willow tree and can treat pain and lower fever

55
Q

What is taxol

A

It comes from the bark of the Pacific yew tree , this drugs can be used to fight cancer

56
Q

What is quinine

A

It used as a treatment against malaria and comes from the South American cinchona tree

57
Q

What can affect crop yields

A

Pests

58
Q

What ways to pests reduce crop yeild

A

Fruit flies feed on them. Weeds that grow near plants compete for nutrients so if the plant gets less nutrients its yeild will be less as its growth is worse. Pathogen takes energy as the plant has to replace bits, this means less energy for useful things like apples

59
Q

Why are pests a problem

A

They have to be dealt with which is expensive to do. You need to by pesticides or disease resistant crops

Biology B3 (3 decks)

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