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Biology B3 > Control Systems > Flashcards

Control Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys

A

Remove urea from the blood
Adjust ion levels in the blood
Adjust water content in the blood

They filter stuff out of the blood under high pressure then reabsorb thing that the body needs

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2
Q

What is ultrafiltration

A

A high pressure is build up which squeezes glucose, urea, water and ions into the Bowman’s capsule

The glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule act like filters so big molecules like proteins and blood cells stay in the blood

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3
Q

What is reabsorption in the nephrons

A

As the liquid flows along the nephron the useful substances are reabsorbed against the concentration gradient
The ADH levels control how much water is reabsorbed
Reabsorption happens in the convoluted tubules and the loop of henlé

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4
Q

What happens to urea and excess water in the nephron

A

Urea and excess water are not reabsorbed and go to the bladder as urine

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5
Q

How is water content controlled

A 
Water loss
Brain detects
Pituitary gland releases ADH 
ADH makes kidney reabsorb more water 
Hydrated
Brain detects
Pituitary gland releases less ADH
Lack of ADH makes kidney reabsorb less water 
Hydrated

This is negative feedback

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6
Q

What happens in dialalysis

A

A machine used to filter blood
It has to be done regularly
Dialysis fluid has the same concentration of salts and glucose as the blood so these aren’t removed from the blood
The barrier is permeable to ions, waste substances and excess water
So they can move across into the dialysis fluid and get taken away

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7
Q

What is a kidney transplant

A

When the kidney is given from the donor to the recipient usually when the donor dies and is carrying a donor card or is registered as an organ donor

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8
Q

What precautions must be taken for kidney transplants

A

The donor must have a tissue type that closely matches the recipients
The patients are given drugs to suppress a weaken the immune system

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9
Q

What are the specialised features of an egg cell

A

Contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo

Straight after fertilisation the membrane changes its structure so no more sperm cells can get in

Contains a haploid nucleus

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10
Q

What are the specialised features of a sperm cell

A

Small
Long tail so it can swim far to the egg
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim
Acrosome where they store the enzymes needed to get through the membrane of the egg
Haploid nucleus

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11
Q

What is stage one of the menstrual cycle

A

The bleeding

Day 1-4

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12
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle

A

Day 4-14

The lining of the uterus builds up again into s thick spongy layer of blood vessels ready for the fertilised egg

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13
Q

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle

A

Day 14
An egg is released from the ovaries
This is called ovulation

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14
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle

A

Day 15-28
The lining is maintained for 14 days if no fertilised egg has landed of the uterus wall by day 28 then the lining starts to break down again

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15
Q

What is the purpose of FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Causes a follicle to mature in one of the ovaries
Stimulates oestrogen production

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16
Q

What is the purpose of oestrogen

A

Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow

A high level stimulates a surge in LH

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17
Q

What is the purpose of LH

A

Surge stimulates ovulation when the follicle ruptures and the egg is released
Stimulates the remaining follicle to form a corpus Leuteum which secretes progesterone

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18
Q

What is the purpose of progesterone

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus
Inhibits production of FSH and LH
When the level of progesterone falls and the oestrogen level is low the uterus lining breaks down
Low progesterone allows FSH to increase

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19
Q

What happens when a woman becomes pregnant

A

The egg implants in the uterus and progesterone levels stay high
The spongy uterus lining allows the placenta to grow

20
Q

How is the FSH level controlled

A

By negative feedback

Pituitary gland -> FSH -> ovary -> oestrogen

21
Q

How are hormones used to increase fertility

A

FSH and LH can be given to the woman to stimulate the production of eggs in the ovaries

22
Q

What are the pros and cons of hormones used to increase fertility

A

Pros-
Helps lots of women to get pregnant

Cons-
Doesn’t always work and can be expensive
Too many eggs could be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies

23
Q

What is ivf

A

Taking a mans egg and sperm and fertilising them in a lab
They’re grown into embryos
Some of them are put into the woman’s womb to increase the chance of the getting pregnant

24
Q

What are the pros of ivf

A

Can give an infertile couple a child
With an egg donor a woman who can’t produce eggs can have a baby and it prevents the risk of a genetic disorder being passed on

25
Q

What are the cons of ivf

A

Some women have a reaction to the hormones
Some reports say the hormone treatments increase the risk of cancer
Multiple births are more likely and carry more risks
With donated eggs it is emotionally difficult for the family knowing the baby doesn’t have the mothers genes

26
Q

What is a surrogate mother

A

When a woman carries a baby for another couple
Ivf is done to produce and embryo then it is implanted into the surrogate mothers womb
After giving birth the surrogate gives the baby to the parents

27
Q

What are the pros and cons of surrogacy

A

Pros-
It allows couples to give birth is father risk would be big or the mother couldn’t
Cons-
The surrogate mother is legally the mother until the child is adopted by the intended couple so she has the right to keep the child

28
Q

What chromosomes do men have

A

X and y

Y chromosome cause male characteristics

29
Q

What chromosomes do all women have

A

X and X

The combination allows female characteristics to form

30
Q

What are sex linked genetic disorders

A

Colour blindness and haemophilia can only be seen in men because the allele can only be found in the X chromosome so the Y chromosome can’t correct the defect

31
Q

What experiment did Louis Pasteur do

A

He heated broth in two flasks in one the microbes could get in and they went into the broth and in the other the microbes couldn’t get in so they settled in the tube then duplicated this proved that microbes exist

32
Q

What did Louis Pasteur invent

A

Pasteurisation
When you heat something up to about 70c then cool it
This kills most germs
It is an antiseptic technique
It is used to treat raw milk to make it safe to drink

33
Q

What is resazurin

A

A Dye that is sensitive to oxygen
As the concentration of oxygen decreases it changes blue to mauve then pink then colourless
Microorganisms use up oxygen when the respire so the more microorganisms the less oxygen

34
Q

How do white blood cells respond to bacteria

A

Every pathogen has unique molecules on the surface of its cells called antigens
When a B lymphocyte comes across an antigen they start to produce proteins called antibodies
Which kill the invading cells, the specific antibodies can only work one one antigen
Antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow around the body to kill, the antigens

35
Q

How do memory lymphocytes work

A

When a pathogen enters the body for the first time the response is slow
After being exposed to the antigen memory lymphocytes are produced they remain in the body for a long time and remember the antibody
The person is now immune to that particular pathogen

36
Q

What is immunisation

A

Injecting dead or inactive microorganisms into the body they carry antigens so even though they’re harmless the body makes antibodies to attack them
The antigens still cause memory lymphocytes to be made

37
Q

What did Edward Jenner do

A

Invented the first vaccine
He saw people who got cowpox wouldn’t get smallpox
Cowpox was much safer than small pox so he took a scab from a girl with cowpox and put it into a cut on a boys arm the boy got cow pox but then recovered then he exposed the boy to small pox but he didn’t get ill
Small pox and cowpox are similar so the same antibodies will work

38
Q

What are the pros of immunisation

A

Prevents big outbreaks of disease
If people are immunised then the people who aren’t are less likely to catch the disease but if a big number of people aren’t immunised then the disease will spread
Some diseases have been virtually wiped out by immunisation

39
Q

What are the cons of immunisation

A

It doesn’t always work

Sometimes people can get bad reactions

40
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

B lymphocytes contain antibodies but don’t reproduce fast cancer cells reproduce really fast but don’t have antibodies
You can fuse a b lymphocyte with a cancer cell to create a hybridoma
They reproduce really quickly with identical antibodies

41
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

The stick you wee in has antibodies to the pregnancy hormone with blue heads attached
The test strip has some more antibodies for the hormone stuck to it so it can’t move
The hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads the urine moves up the stick carrying the beads and the hormone they bind to the antibodies stick to the strip
so the blue beads stick to the strip making it blue
If your not pregnant then the blue beads aren’t taken up the strip so no blue line

42
Q

What does photoperiodic mean

A

Respond to changes in day length

Some plants only germinate flower or grow when there is a certain amount of light or dark

43
Q

What are the examples of photoperiodic responses

A

Seeds of some arctic plants only germinate when the days are really long so that they grow in the warmest conditions
Some plant buds wait until the days are starting to increase in length to sprout so they’re not killed by frost
Long day plants e.g. Spinach only flower when the days are longest
Short day plants only flower when the days are less than a certain length e.g. Early spring or autumn

44
Q

What are circadian rhythms

A

Biological processes that follow a 24 hour rhythm
E.g. Chemical patterns
Physiological patterns
And patterns of behaviour
Animals plants and microorganisms all have them

45
Q

What are examples or circadian rhythms in humans

A

Sleep
The body clock gets informs from the light intensity when it’s dark melatonin production increases so we sleep
Urine
The body clock controls ADH production at night ADH levels increase so that urine production is reduced

46
Q

What are examples of circadian rhythms in plants

A

Stomata opening
Responding to light levels in the day they open so co2 and o2 can go in and out at night they close to reduce water loss
Flower opening
The flowers only need to be open at the time when the creatures that pollinate them are active

Biology B3 (3 decks)

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