Control system Flashcards
A) Central Nervous System (CNS)
- contains the brain and spinal cord
- coordinates all incoming and outgoing information
- controls; speaking, walking, eating
B) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS
- communicates between the CNS and the rest of the body
- divided to Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
- contains nerves of the skin, skeletal muscle and bone
- voluntary control
Autonomic Nervous System
- nerves which control internal organs
- involuntary
- divided to the sympathetic & parasympathetic systems
Sympathetic systems
- “fight or flight” system
- response to stress or emergencies
- body for quick action; This includes increasing heart rate, dilating the pupils, redirecting blood flow to the muscles, and releasing adrenaline.
Parasympathetic
- “rest and digest” system because it generally promotes relaxation and recovery from the stress
- slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal and glandular activity, and promoting digestion.
Parts of neuron
Dendrite
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Terminal Branches
Synaptic Knob
Synapse
Dendrite
Branches of a Neuron that collect stimuli and transport them to cell body
Cell Body
- Part of axon that contains a nucleus
- Controls neuron activity
Nucleus
Contains DNA of the cell
Axon
Axon – cytoplasmic tail that carries the nerve impulse to other nerves or effector
Myelin sheath
- Myelin sheath -fatty covering along the axon
- speed up the rate of impulse transmission along the axon
Synapse
- contain a chemical (neurotransmitter) that passes the impulse from neuron to neuron
- transmit impulses in one direction only
Terminal branches
end of the axon, contain neurotransmitters, send messages
3 major parts of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
Cerebrum
- responsible for interpreting sensory information, thinking and planning, controlling voluntary activities
- is divided into 2 hemispheres (halves) connected by the corpus collosum to allow communication via the thalamus (relay station)
a) Left Hemisphere = controls language, math and the right side of the body
b) Right Hemisphere =controls emotions, creativity and left side of the body
Cerebellum
- behind the cerebrum
- responsible for balance, action of muscles and coordination of movement
Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata)
- contains the vagus nerve which controls vital involuntary life processes such as breathing, heart rate, digestion
-cerebrospinal fluid protect the brain from injury
Pons
area of the brain stem responsible for relaying information between the PNS and CNS
4 Lobes of Cerebrum
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Frontal lobe
responsible for voluntary movement, reasoning and judgment
Temporal lobe
responsible for hearing, language, memory and emotions
Parietal lobe
sensory information and association
Occipital lobe
vision and visual recognition
Types of Neuron
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
interneuron
Sensory neuron
receives an impulse from a receptor & passes it to the control center (CNS
Motor neuron
carries impulses to an effector, such as a muscle, or a gland
Interneuron
transmit the impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron, or vice versa
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Name, Location, and main function of each Gland
Pituitary
- “master gland”
- Location: at the interior base of brain just below & connected to the hypothalamus
- Main Job: controls all the ENDOCRINE glands based on instructions from the hypothalmus
Thyroid
- Location: at the base of the neck near the larynx
- Function: regulates metabolism and bone length
- Thyroxin
Pineal
- Location: in the brain posterior to the pituitary and hypothalmus
- Function: regulates circadian rhythms
- Melatonin
Thymus
- Location: in the upper chest
- Function- controls the growth of white blood cells (help fight infection)
- thymocin
Parathyroid
- Location: 4 small glands imbedded in the back of the thyroid gland
- Function: controls the metabolism of calcium = healthy bones, teeth
- parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
Pancreas
- Locations: Structures in the pancreas
- Function: crucial to the metabolism of glucose in the blood
- insulin: allows glucose to enter cells for metabolism and processing
- glucagon: allows glycogen to be retrieved from the liver and converted back to glucose when blood sugar is low
Adrenal
- Location: found on the superior (top) to each kidneys
- two parts
- Function: control the fight and flight response
- adrenalin, cortisol, etc
Gonads
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)
- Location lower abdominal cavity or groin
- Function: regulate sexual growth, development and reproductive behavior (sex drive)
Males = testosterone
Females = Estrogen, progesterone
Hypothalamus
- Location: area of the brain, near the front
- function: Releases hormones based on information from the nervous system
: controls the Endocrine system - Dopamine, serotonin, etc
Insulin
- regulate glucose(sugar from the foods you eat) Every cell in your body needs glucose for energy.
- Insulin must open the cell to allow it to use glucose for energy.
- the pancreas releases glucagon to trigger the liver to change our fat cells into usable glucose
Diabetes
- Type 1, Type 2
- Each type of diabetes involves the pancreas not functioning properly
Type 1
- Need insulin shots daily
- Your immune system attacks the cells that produce insulin in your pancreas
- Permanent damage
- overload of sugar(glucose) that remains in the blood stream which can become toxic and life threatening.
Type 2
- Insulin resistance
- body no longer uses insulin well
- pancreas is still producing insulin, but it’s just not enough to accomplish the job
- It is often associated with obesity, unhealthy eating habits, and the sedentary lifestyle
