Control, punishment and victims Flashcards
What are the two types of victimology?
Positivist victimology - seeks to identify patterns of victimisation - how do you contribute to your own victimisation
Critical victimology - conflict - study of structural factors like poverty and patriarchy on victims and that delabelling of crime can delabel a victim.
Give 1 piece of positive and 2 pieces of negative evaluation for positivist victimology
+ VON HENTIG studied 13 characteristics of a victim
- ignores wider factors
- victim blaming?
Give 2 pieces of positive and 1 piece of negative evaluation for critical victimology
+ TOMBS AND WHYTE showed how ‘safety crimes’ when people are killed by their employers are delabelling
+ Marital Rape was only labelled as a crime in 1991
- disregards victims’ role in the crime
What demographics are more likely to be a victim?
Working class, young people, minorities, males overall, people who have been a victim before
What are the 5 impacts of victimisation?
PTSD
Indirect victims (witinesses/friends/families)
Hate crimes - create ‘waves of harm’ for whole communities
Secondary victimisation - victimised twice in court like rape victims
Fear of victimisation - irrational fear of certain groups eg women, elderly
What are the gender patterns of crime?
Homocide - 70% men - women much more likely to be killed by partner or ex partner - LEES men seen to kill women in ‘crime of passion’ whereas women do it when they’re asleep making it seem more pre-meditated
Violence - fewer women in general than men - women 10x more likely to be sexually assaulted + d.v
Victimology - women are more risk-averse - HEIDENSOHN - crime is committed in public sphere which men dominate
What are the 2 types of targeted crimes on ethnicity?
Racist incidents - any crime where race is a factor
Racially aggrevated attacks - serious crime relating to race
What does the British Crime Survey say about ethnic patterns of crime and why?
EM are more likely to be victims of burglary, vehicle theft, assault or murder. This is because they are overrepresented in youth and unemployed and more likely to live in deprived inner city areas.
How many racial incidents were recorded in 2014-15 and how many were prosecuted?
54,000 recorded and 8600 prosecuted.
Name 4 difficulties when studying victimisation
Some men won’t report - hegemonic masculinity
Some race crimes aren’t followed up - MacPherson Report
In domestic violence women suffer 35 attacks before reporting (yearnshire)
If someone is an offender they’re unlikely to report - prostitutes
Which sociological perspective focuses on crime prevention?
Realism
What is SCP and which perspective and sociologist came up with it?
Situational crime prevention - right realist - CLARKE - is about reducing the opportunity to commit specific crimes - usually changing the environment
Link SCP to another right realist theory of crime (hint: if a crime is harder to commit that means there is more…)
Rational Choice Theory - Clarke - where people weigh up the risks and rewards of an action in order to make a rational choice - if it is harder to commit due to SCP there is more risk so people are less likely to do it.
Give a strength and weakness of SCP
+ does reduce some crime eg mugging or theft
- doesn’t reduce just displaces eg New York subway
What is ECP and which perspective and sociologist came up with it?
Environmental crime prevention - right realist - Wilson and Kellings - this is based around the broken windows thesis which is when there should be zero tolerance for crime or else it will escalate. (See theories)
