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151/23/005 > Control Principles 1 > Flashcards

Control Principles 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the NOT GATE

A

see sheet

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2
Q

What are the values in the truth table for the NOT gate

A

A F
0 1
1 0

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3
Q

Draw the AND Gate

A

see sheet

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4
Q

what are the values in the truth table for the AND GATE

A

A B F
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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5
Q

Draw the NAND GATE

A

See sheet

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6
Q

what are the values in the truth table for the NAND

A

A B F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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7
Q

Draw the OR Gate

A

See sheet

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8
Q

what are the values in the truth table for the OR Gate

A

A B F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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9
Q

Draw the NOR Gate

A

See sheet

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10
Q

what are the values in the truth table for the NOR Gate

A

A B F
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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11
Q

Draw the XOR gate

A

See sheet

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12
Q

what are the values in the truth table for the XOR gate

A

A B F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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13
Q

Draw the XNOR Gate

A

See sheet

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14
Q

what are the values in the truth table for the XNOR Gate

A

A B F
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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15
Q

name the three particles found in an atom and state the charge on each

A

proton- positive
neutron - neutral
electron - negative

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16
Q

draw an energy ray band diagram showing the difference between an insulator, a conductor and a semiconductor

A

see sheet

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17
Q

explain intrinsic conduction

A

intrinsic conduction is the movement of charge carriers within pure silicon
either electrons or holes when a voltage is applied.
The free carriers are produced by thermal thermal generation of electron hole pairs

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18
Q

Explain the effect of a dopant atom in P type material

A

P type doped with trivalent material (3 valance electrons) such as boron
these electrons will form covalent bonds with adjacent silicon atoms
however there will be a hole increasing the number of free holes

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19
Q

explain the effect of a dopant atom in N type material

A

N type doped with pentavalent material (5 valence electrons) such as Phosphorus
4 electrons will form covalent bonds and the 5th one is free
increasing the number of free electrons

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20
Q

define the majority and minority carries in
a) P type material
b) N type material

A

p type - majority charge carriers are electrons
- minority charge carriers are holes
n type - majority charge carriers are holes
- minority charge carries are electrons

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21
Q

explain extrinsic conduction

A

Current flow that occurs in doped semiconductor material due to movement of majority carriers when a voltage is applied.​​​

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22
Q

define electron hole pair

A

when electrons in covalent bonds gain enough energy, they will break free leaving a hole

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23
Q

define free electron

A

an electron that has gain enough energy and has moved from the valence band to the conduction band

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24
Q

define donor atom

A

a penta-valent dopant atom, that will donate a free electron to the crystal lattice

25
Q

define acceptor atom

A

a tri-valent dopant atom that will produce a free hole, which will accept a free electron

26
Q

define tri-valent material

A

a dopant atom with only 3 valence electrons

27
Q

define penta- valent material

A

a dopant atom with only 5 valence electrons

28
Q

define valence electrons

A

the electrons in the outer shell that have the most energy and are more easily released from the atom

29
Q

define recombination

A

when an electron loses energy it will drop back down from the conduction band into a hole in the valence band

30
Q

define conduction band

A

highest energy band, electrons that break free from the valence band will move into the conduction band and be available for conduction

31
Q

explain the the formation of the depletion region in a PN junction diode

A

Gains one electron and becomes a negative ion
loses one electron and becomes a positive ion

32
Q

describe what happens when a PN junction diode is forward biased

A

The anode is anode is made positive with respect to the Cathode by at least 0.6V.
Positive holes repelled from positive terminal
negative electrons repelled from negitve terminal
depletion region closes

33
Q

describe what happens when a PN junction diodes is reversed biased

A

the anode is made negative with respect to the cathode
positive holes attracted to negative terminal
negative electrons attracted to positive terminal
depletion region increases

34
Q

identify which semiconductor diode the graph below is for ( see drawings)
What do the letters A to H represent?

A

silicon diode
A If
B - Ir
C - Vr
D - Vf
E - reversed bias region
F - forward bias region
G - avalanche breakdwn
H - leakage current

35
Q

Draw the symbol pf a PN jucntion diode and indicate the direction of conventional and electron current flow normal operation

A

see drawing

36
Q

Which end of a diode is always marked

A

cathode

37
Q

draw the symbol for a zener diode and indicated the direction of conventional current for normal operation

A

see drawing

37
Q

explain how you would test a suspect diode. What reading would you expect
A) a good silicon diode
B)a good germaruim diode

A

use a multi-meter diode test function
A) 0.6V
B) 0.2V

38
Q

draw the symbol for an LED, explain electroluminescence and state is advantages

A

when a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

advantages:
lower energy consumption
longer lifetime
improved physical robustness
smaller size
faster switching

39
Q

draw the symbol of a photodiode

A

see drawings

40
Q

draw the symbol of a thyristor, label the terminals. What two conditions must be met for the thyristor to conduct.
what is the process of turning off a thyristor called?

A

the device must be forward bias
the anode must be postive with respect to the cathode
the gate signal must be applied

the process of switching the device off is known as as commutation

41
Q

draw the circuit of an optocoupler and explain its operation

A

the LED converts input signal into light
it is sent across the dielectric channel
where the photodiode transforms light back in to electric signal

42
Q

draw and describe the current flow through a half wave rectifier

A

when A is positive with respect to B, current will flow through
A > diode > RL > B
diode is forward biased
when is positive with to A
no current will flow as diode is reverse biased

43
Q

draw and describe the current flow of a full wave rectifier that uses a centre tapped transformer.
explain why current flow is through a certain diode and not the other

A

when A is positive with respect to C, current will flow
A > D1 >RL > C D1 is forward biased
no current will flow through D2 as it is revresed biased
when B is positive with respect to C, current will flow
B > D2 > RL > C D2 is forward biased
No current will flow through D1 as it is reversed biased
on both half cycles, current flows in same direction

44
Q

explain the operation of a bridge rectifier. Describe the current flow through the circuit and explain why current flow is through certain diodes and not others

A

when A is positive with respect to B. current will flow through
A > D1 > RL > D3 > B D1 & D3 are forward biased
No current will flow through D2 & D4 as they are reverse biased
When B is positive with respect to A, current will flow
B > D2 > RL > D4 > A D2 and D3 as they are reversed biased
on both half cycles, current flows in same direction

45
Q

what is the advantage of the bridge rectifier over a centre tapped full wave rectifier

A

We are measuring with respect to the centre tap, peak voltage across the load will only be half of the secondary voltage across the transformer

centre tapped transformers are bulky and expensive

46
Q

explain how the value of reservoir capacitor or the value of the load resistance affects the output of a full wave rectifier

A

when resistance or capacitance is increased then the time constant must increase
the time taken for the capacitor to discharge will increase, creating a smoother ripple
similarly if the resistance or capacitance is decreased then the time constant must decrease, casing the ripple to be bigger

47
Q

draw a block diagram of a power supply unit

A

see drawing

48
Q

draw a shunt Zener voltage regulator circuit

A

see drawing

49
Q

Draw the BS symbol and characteristics for a Zener diode

A

see drawing

50
Q

explain how a shunt Zener voltage regulator circuit works

A

when the reverse bias is sufficient to cause the Zener to breakdown
Causing the current to be within the operating region
The voltage across the Zener remains constant
As the zener is in parallel with the load, the voltage across the load remains constant

51
Q

what is the function of the resistor in a shunt Zener diode regulator

A

the purpose of Rs is to limit the maximum current through the zener when the load is removed

52
Q

show the construction and principles of operation of an NPN transistor

A
53
Q

explain how a transistor can be used as a switch

A

open
- no current flow
- no voltage drops across RC
- V out = VCC

closed
- IC MAX
- max voltage drops
- V out = 0V

54
Q

Using the diagram circuit of a common emitter amplifier, explain its operation over one cycle of input AC

A

Vin ^, Vbe^, IB^, Ic^, VRC^,Vout ↓

Vin ↓, Vbe↓, IB↓, Ic↓, VRC↓,Vout ^

55
Q

Draw the circuit symbol of an NPN transistor

A

see sheet

56
Q

draw a diagram showing the 3 transistor configurations

A

see sheet

57
Q

describe how you would test an NPN transistor
include readings to expect

A

connect red lead to base
black lead to collector/emitter
good reading 0,6V (forward bias)

connect black lead to base
read lead to collector/emitter
good reading = O/L ( reverse bias)

151/23/005 (13 decks)

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