Control of space, Pass laws and Education

Question 1

What was petty apartheid?

Answer 1

Small apartheid regulations like reservation of benches, buses, and beaches for whites

Question 2

What was grand apartheid?

Answer 2

Major legislation which separated different races, like the Group Areas Act (1950)

Question 3

What was the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)?

Answer 3

Made it legal for the government to provide separate facilities for black peoples which weren’t equal quality to whites

Question 4

What was influx control?

Answer 4

Controlling and reducing the amount of African migrants to the cities

Question 5

What did the National Party want to make cities a zone for?

Answer 5

A zone for whites to be protected from cheap lack labour, protests, and crime

Question 6

What were pass laws like before 1948?

Answer 6

Forced all African men traveling outside reserves to carry a pass

Question 7

How did the National Party build on pass laws initially?

Answer 7

Pushed through the Natives Abolition of Passes Act (1952) which forced all African adults to carry a reference book

Question 8

How did the Urban Areas Act (1952) determine whether an African had the right to be in cities? (hint: what criteria did they have to meet?)

Answer 8

If they were born there, worked there for 10 years+, or lived there for 15 years

Question 9

What did African people think about Pass laws?

Answer 9

They resented them

Question 10

Were pass laws a major success for the National Party government?

Answer 10

No; though they were a focal point for African opposition, but the urban African population rose to 3.5 million in 1960 from 1.8 million in 1946 and many braved bypassing restrictions into the cities to find work, which many white employers believed was fine

Question 11

Prior to 1948, what was African education like?

Answer 11

Partially segregated, with a small number of Africans attending elite mission schools where they were taught by both white and black teachers

Question 12

Which type of school did most Africans attend, state funded or mission schools?

Answer 12

State funded

Question 13

What kind of education did state funded school give?

Answer 13

Basic primary education

Question 14

What percentage of Africans where recorded as literate in the 1951 census?

Answer 14

24% (some estimates say it could be between 20% - 25% though)

Question 15

Explain briefly what the Bantu Education Act (1953) introduced.

Answer 15

Extended education to an extent but segregated it and placed all Africans schools under state control

Question 16

Did the Bantu Education Act increase educational opportunities and why?

Answer 16

It did as it trained Africans to go into low skilled and paid jobs to replace unskilled workers who were inadequate.

Question 17

What were Africans who came from wealthier backgrounds and finished their education able to go on and do after primary/secondary education?

Answer 17

Attend university (like Fort Hare and Cape Town)

Question 18

What was education like for those Africans who attend the University of Cape Town?

Answer 18

Very similar to white education

Question 19

Why was Fort Hare a crucial place for African opposition and how did the government try and stop it?

Answer 19

Many anti-apartheid elites went there and became a breeding ground for anti-apartheid groups. Gov tried to stop it by placing Fort Hare under government control under the Extension of University Education Act (1959)