Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Question 1

transcription factor

Answer 1

proteins that are made to initiate transcription

large protein made of smaller parts with special jobs

two domains: DNA binding domain and activation domain

Question 2

DNA binding domain

Answer 2

binds specific nucleotide sequences

Question 3

activation gene

Answer 3

binds several transcription factor and regulatory proteins

Question 4

response element

Answer 4

sequence that binds specific transcription factors

Question 5

what kind of regulators are response elements and promoters?

Answer 5

cis regulators

in vicinity of gene

Question 6

enhancer

Answer 6

amplify gene expression

made of multiple response elements

can be up to 1000 bp away

Question 7

hairpin loop

Answer 7

bring enhancers and promoters closer together

Question 8

gene duplication

Answer 8

series or parallel (helikase split open only desired genes)

Question 9

chromatin remodeling

Answer 9

regulates gene expression

Question 10

two types of chromatin

Answer 10

euchromatin: loose/accessible/light
heterochromatin: tight/dark/inaccessible

Question 11

acetylation

Answer 11

used in heterochromatin

histone acetylase: add acetyl to histones, open conformation and genes activate (increase gene expression)

histone deacetylases remove acetyl and histones to go back to homeostatic (decrease gene expression)

Question 12

methylation

Answer 12

DNA methylases add methyl groups to nucleotides so transcription cant bind

adding methyl groups takes away gene expression

taking away methyl groups increases gene expression to have more space for transcription to bind

Question 13

what are the ways to increase gene expression?

Answer 13

enhancers

gene duplication (series or parallel)

histone acetylation

DNA demethylation

Question 14

what are the ways to decrease gene expression?

Answer 14

histone deacetylation

DNA methylation