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Physiology 1 : GI > Control of food intake > Flashcards

Control of food intake Flashcards

1
Q

What starts to expand when you eat?

A

→ The fundic area expands to accomodate food

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2
Q

What two hormones are used in accommodation?

A

→ VIP and NO

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3
Q

What is PYY and what does it do?

A

→ Is is a satiety factor and increases gut motility

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4
Q

What do you feel when emptying occurs?

A

→ A sense of hunger (ghrelin)

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5
Q

Where do contractions occur and what are they mediated by?

A

→ Occur in the antrum

→ Mediated by AcH

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6
Q

What relaxation occurs when food is swallowed?

A

→ Receptive relaxation

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7
Q

What is receptive relaxation done by?

A

→ Vagal innervation

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8
Q

What kind of relaxation occurs in the stomach to allow accommodation?

A

→ adaptive relaxation

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9
Q

What is CCK stimulated by?

A

→ Lipids

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10
Q

What is affected if you cut vagus nerves?

A

→ Accommodation

→ Gastric compliance

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11
Q

What is the difference between appetite and hunger?

A

→ Appetite is a psychological desire

→ Hunger is a physiological craving

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12
Q

What is hyperphagia/polyphagia?

A

→ Abnormal desire for food

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

→ Hunger + thirst

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14
Q

Functions of the prefrontal cortex

A

→ Food seeking
→ Integration of sensory information from inside and outside the body
→ Receives emotional + cognitive information from the limbic system
→ Makes choices by translating the homeostatic and environmental information into adaptive behavioral responses,

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15
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

→ Complex system of nerves and networks in the brain

associated with instinct and mood

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16
Q

What sites is feeding behavior modulated by?

A

→ Lateral hypothalamus

→ Ventromedial hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is the role of the lateral hypothalamus?

A

→Hunger + thirst center

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18
Q

What is the role of the ventromedial nucleus ?

A

→ Satiety center

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19
Q

What happens if there is a lesion to the VMN?

A

→ Increased appetite with weight gain

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20
Q

What does the dorsomedial nucleus do?

A

→ Modulates energy intake (hunger center)

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21
Q

What acts on the dorsomedial nucleus to increase feeding?

A

→ NPY into the DMN increases feeding

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22
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus do?

A

→ Modulates feeding behavior

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23
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus produce?

A

→ Orexigenic signals

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24
Q

What are the functions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

→ Human body clock is here
→Perception of the light-dark cycle
→ Sensation of hunger

25
Q

What is the ligand of the medial amygdaloid nucleus?

A

→ 5-HT

→ Regulates appetite and food intake

26
Q

What are agents that reduce appetite called?

A

→ Anorexigenic factors

27
Q

When are carbohydrates and fats metabolized?

A

→ Carbohydrates during the day

→ Fats during the night

28
Q

What condition happens if you stimulate the hypothalamus?

A

→ Aphagia

29
Q

What condition happens if there are lesions to the hypothalamus?

A

→ Hyperphagia

30
Q

What do opioids and growth releasing hormone do to appetite?

A

→ Increased appetite

31
Q

What does naltrexone do?

A

→ Reduce the hedonic valence of food

32
Q

What do orexigenic and anorexigenic neurotransmitters do?

A

→ orexigenic = increase appetite

→ Anorexigenic = decrease appetite

33
Q

What does glucose in the blood stimulate?

A

→ Gluco-receptors in the hypothalamus

34
Q

What happens to hunger/appetite when blood glucose increases?

A

→Up regulation of satiety

35
Q

What happens to hunger/appetite when blood glucose decreases?

A

→ Up regulation of hunger

36
Q

What is the effect of temperature on appetite?

A

→Hot enivronments stimulate feeding

37
Q

What are the afferent inputs that affect appetite?

A

→Distension of a full stomach inhibits appetite
→Contraction of an empty stomach stimulates appetite
→Deposition of fat may control appetite

38
Q

What hormone is released when fat is ingested and what effect does this have?

A

→ CCK

→ Slows gastric emptying

39
Q

What does CCK do?

A

→ Inhibits further food intake

40
Q

What happens if CCK is injected in the brain?

A

→ Appetite is reduced

41
Q

What does insulin release?

A

→ Adipokine

42
Q

What are the two effects that occur when insulin reaches the arcuate nucleus?

A

→ Stimulates arcuate nucleus
→ Catabolic effect reduces food intake and body fat
→reduces NpY and AgRP
→ Over time there are anabolic effects which increase food intake and body fat

43
Q

What is the role of glucagon on controlling food intake?

A

→Acts mainly at the liver where it increases glucose production
→while generating a signal to reduce energy intake that is relayed to the hindbrain.

44
Q

What is the role of insulin on controlling food intake?

A

→Insulin: acts at both the liver and the forebrain to reduce energy intake.
→ Suppress hepatic glucose production.

45
Q

What is the role of amylin on controlling food intake?

A

→acts directly at the hindbrain to reduce energy intake.

46
Q

What are the three pancreatic hormones?

A

→ Glucagon
→ Insulin
→ Amylin

47
Q

What does white adipose tissue secrete?

A

→ Leptin

48
Q

How does leptin control fat stores?

A

→ Operates a feedback mechanism between adipose tissue and the brain
→ Increases the expression of anorexigenic factors
→ Stimulates metabolic rate
→ Inhibits neuropeptide Y which stimulates feeding

49
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

→ Appetite inducing hormone - orexin
→ Fast acting and stimulates food intake
→ Increases central orexins - NPY and AgRP
→ Suppresses the ability of leptin to stimulate anorexigenic factors

50
Q

Where is ghrelin released from?

A

→ Stomach, pancreas and adrenals in response to nutritional status

51
Q

When do circulating ghrelin levels increase?

A

→ preprandially

52
Q

When do circulating ghrelin levels decrease?

A

→ after a meal

53
Q

What can secretion of ghrelin be inhibited by?

A

→ Leptin

54
Q

Where is obestatin produced?

A

→ The epithelial cells of the stomach

55
Q

What is obestatin encoded by?

A

→ The ghrelin gene

56
Q

WHat does obestatin do?

A

→ Antagonizes ghrelin induced food intake
→ Imbalance of ghrelin and obestatin may have a role in obesity
→ Suppresses food intake

57
Q

What is satiation of feeding associated with?

A

→motor planning and execution

58
Q

Why can we not modulate mechanisms of reward?

A

→ Cortico-limbic mechanisms of reward are under executive control so we cannot modulate it

Physiology 1 : GI (15 decks)

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