Control Of Breathing

Question 1

What does the pneumotaxic center do

Answer 1

Triggers inspiration

Sense lung expansion & inhibits inspiration for exhalation

Smooth transition

Send impulses to medullary respiratory groups

Question 2

What does the DRG do

Answer 2

Receives stimuli from pontine center

Sends signals to effectors (inspiration)

Receives information from vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 3

What does VRG do

Answer 3

Receives stimuli from pontine center

Sends signal for inspiration and expiration

Question 4

What is the VRG composed of

Answer 4

4 nuclei

Question 5

What are the 4 nuclei that compose the VRG

Answer 5

Botzinger complex

Pre-botzinger complex

Nucleus retroambiguous

Nucleus ambiguous

Question 6

What is the botzinger complex

Answer 6

Expiratory neuron

Question 7

What is the pre-Botzinger complex

Answer 7

Pacemaker neurons (Eupnea)

Question 8

What is the nucleus retroambiguous

Answer 8

Inspiratory and expiratory neuron

Question 9

What is the nucleus ambiguous

Answer 9

Inspiratory neurons

Question 10

What is in the spinal cord

Answer 10

Specialized cell bodies

Ventral Gray horn

Question 11

What are the higher centers of the brain

Answer 11

Cerebral cortex

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

Question 12

What does the higher brain center have control over

Answer 12

Voluntary
pain
Emotion
Temperature

Question 13

What are the four sensors/receptors

Answer 13

Higher center of the brain

Chemical receptors

Mechanical receptors in the lung

Receptors in the muscles & joint

Question 14

What are chemical receptors

Answer 14

Central chemoreceptors (medulla)

Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic & carotid bodies)

Question 15

Types of mechanical receptors in the lungs

Answer 15

Irritant
Stretch
Juxtacappillary
Deflation

Question 16

Types of receptors of the muscles and joints

Answer 16

Peripheral Proprioreceptors

Question 17

Which group is the smallest and more medial between the VRG or DRG

Answer 17

DRG

Question 18

What muscles does the VRG innervate

Answer 18

Accessory muscles
Internal intercostal muscle

Question 19

What muscles does the DRG innervate

Answer 19

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscle

Question 20

Where are the central chemoreceptors found

Answer 20

Peripheral to the VRG

Question 21

At which vertebra does the intercostal nerve arise

Answer 21

C8-T11

Question 22

Which nerves are efferent

Answer 22

RC to Muscle

Question 23

Where are carotid bodies located

Answer 23

At the bifurcation of each of the common carotid arteries

Question 24

Where are aortic bodies

Answer 24

Above aortic arch and posterior sides

Question 25

What does vagus stand for?

Answer 25

Wandering

Question 26

What is the longest cranial nerve and what does it stretch to

Answer 26

Vagus Brain stem to colon Efferent and Afferent

Question 27

Describe ataxic breathing

Answer 27

Irregular with pauses Merges with agonal breathing

Question 28

Explain Cheyenne-stokes breathing

Answer 28

Gradual increase in volume and frequency 10-30 seconds of apnea

Question 29

Describe Biot’s breathing

Answer 29

VT is consistent with apeanic period Short episodes of rapid deep inspiration followed by 10-30 seconds of apnea

Question 30

Describe kussmaul breathing

Answer 30

Increased rate and depth over prolonged time In response to metabolic acidosis