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Animal Physiology > Control Of Body Movement > Flashcards

Control Of Body Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Neural Reflex - Efferent Divisions (2)

A

Somatic or autonomic

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2
Q

Neural Reflexes - CNS Location for Info Processing (2)

A

Cranial or Spinal

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3
Q

Neural Reflexes - Time at which reflex develops in life (2)

A

Innate or Learned

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4
Q

Neural Reflexes - Number of neurons in loop (2)

A

Monosynaptic or polysynaptic

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle Reflexes - Input

A

Proprioceptors

  • joint movement
  • muscle tension & length
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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle Reflexes - CNS Job

A

To determine if Muscle should contract or relax

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7
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Output

A

Based on CNS decision

  • somatic motor neuron = ONLY contraction
  • NO inhibitory neurons that synapse on skeletal Muscle
  • can only inhibit contraction at interneurons in IC
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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle Reflex Pathway

A

Stimulus=Joints, muscle tension, & muscle length
Sensor=Proprioreceptors
Input=Sensory Neuron
IC=CNS (need interneurons to block signal and stop contraction)
Output=Efferent Neurons (somatic motor)
Target=Skeletal Muscle
Response=Cellular (synapses fire on muscle fibers and they contract)
Systemic=muscle contracts

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9
Q

Proprioceptors (3 types)

A
  1. The Muscle spindle
  2. The golgi tendon organ
  3. Joint receptors
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10
Q

The Muscle spindle

A

Proprioceptor that detects muscle length

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11
Q

The golgi tendon organ function

A

Proprioceptor that detects muscle tension

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12
Q

Joint receptors

A

Proprioceptor that detects changes in the bone position

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13
Q

Stretch Receptors

A

Signal the brain about muscle length

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14
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Where the Muscle spindle is; gamma motor neurons

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15
Q

Extrafusal Fibers

A

Normal contractile muscle fibers; alpha motor neurons

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16
Q

Muscle tone

A

Tonic activity

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17
Q

Alpha-gamma coactivation

A

Keeps the spindle stretched when the Muscle contracts

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18
Q

The Stretch Reflex

A

Stimulus=muscle stretches/lengthens
Sensor=Proprioceptors in Muscle spindle
Input=increased afferenr signals to spinal cord through sensory neuron
IC=spinal cord
Output=increased efferent output through alpha motor neurons
Target=muscle fibers
Response=Muscle contracts
Negative feedback pathway=firing rate of afferent sensory neuron decreases

19
Q

The golgi tendon organ

A
  • The junction of Muscle fibers and tendons

- afferent input from golgi tendon excites inhibitory interneurons (which reduce/end muscle contraction)

20
Q

Pathway

A

Stimulus=tension on tendon activates sensory neuron
Sensor=proprioceptors
Input=sensory neuron -> dorsal root ganglia
IC=spinal cord
- sensory neuron stimulates interneuron
- interneuron inhibits motoneuron
*since signal is blocked by inhibitory interneurons, no output, no target, or cell response. STOPS AT IC (negative feedback)

21
Q

Joint receptors

A
  • found in joint capsules and ligaments around joints
  • respond to joint movement velocity, joint position, inflammation, & pain.
  • works with vestibular apparatus to help w balance and movement
22
Q

3 types of movement

A
  • Reflex
  • Voluntary
  • Rhythmic
23
Q

Reflex movement

A
  • Least complex; integrated mainly in spinal cord
    Ex: knee jerk, cough
  • Postural Reflexes
24
Q

Postural Reflexes

A

Maintain body position as we stand/move; brain stem integration

25
Q

Voluntary movement

A

-most complex; integrated in cerebral cortex

Ex: playing piano

26
Q

Rhythmic movement

A
  • intermediate complexity; integration in spinal cord and cerebral cortex
  • Central Pattern Generators (CRG’s)
    - > interneurons: take over so you don’t have to think about moving anymore
      Ex: walking, running
27
Q

3 factors that influence movement

A
  • the number of spinal cord segments needed
  • the use of upper or lower motor neurons
  • section of the CNS controlling movement (IC location)
28
Q

Number of spinal cord segments - segmental

A
  • The Reflex only passes through a small portion of the spinal cord
    Ex: quadriceps stretch Reflex “knee jerk Reflex”
29
Q

Number of spinal cord segments - intersegmental

A
  • the reflex passes through many segments of the spinal cord or brain
    Ex: vestibulospinal Reflexes for balance and posture
30
Q

Segmental “simpler Reflex”

A

Stimulus=instrument pressure
Sensor=mechanoreceptors
-joint receptors
-golgi tendon organ
-Muscle spindle
Input=sensory neuron
IC=spinal cord
Output=somatic motor neuron (SMN) sends signal to quads
-SMN signal blocked by inhibitory neurons so hamstring relaxes (no signal)
Target=muscle fibers
Response=muscle contraction or relaxation

31
Q

Flexion Reflexes (crossed extensor Reflex)

A

Stimulus=stepping on a pin
Sensor=nociceptor
Input=sensory neuron
IC=spinal cord & brain (vestibular balance)
Output= alpha motor neurons
Target=muscle fibers
Response=
-painful leg=extensors inhibited, flexors contract; moving foot away from painful stimulus
-opposite leg=extenders contract as weight shifts to leg, flecked inhibited

32
Q

Lower Motor Neuron

A

“Alpha Neuron”

- Cell body in CNS and axon synapses on skeletal Muscle fibers

33
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A
  • Lie entirely within CNS (interneurons)
  • Control lower motor neurons

(Voluntary and Rhythmic)

34
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons

- Bundles of axons knows as tracts

35
Q

Ascending tract

A

Carry sensory info to the brain

Ex: dorsal, external lateral
36
Q

Descending Tract

A

Carry efferent (motor) signals from brain to spinal cord

     Ex: central, interior lateral
37
Q

Medial Tract

A 
- Controls axial & proximal muscles 
       • tectospinal tract
       • vestibulospinal Tract 
       • reticulospinal tract
- Originate in brain stem
38
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A
  • head orientation to environmental stimuli
         Ex: someone slams a door during an exam & everyone looks up
39
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A
  • Muscle control against gravity
         Ex: balancing
40
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A
  • Controls muscle tone in axial and proximal muscles
       Ex: muscle tone; muscle spindle
41
Q

Lateral Tract

A
  • Controls distal muscles

Ex: rubrospinal tract

42
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A
  • Voluntary muscle control
  • implicated in control of skilled, repetitive movement
  • more developed in humans than animals
43
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A
  • Controls most skilled voluntary muscle movements

- Connexts motor cortex in parietal lobe of the brain with lower motor neurons

Animal Physiology (2 decks)

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