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Biology - Homeostasis > Control of blood glucose concentration > Flashcards

Control of blood glucose concentration Flashcards

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1
Q

What do cells need to work?

A

Constant energy supply

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2
Q

What is the normal concentration of blood glucose?

A

90mg per 100cm3 of blood

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3
Q

What monitors blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

What makes blood glucose concentration rise?

A

After eating foods containing carbohydrates

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5
Q

What makes blood glucose concentration fall?

A

After exercise

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6
Q

What 2 hormones control blood glucose concentrations?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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7
Q

Where to hormones travel to?

A

Travel in blood to their target cells (effectors)

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8
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon secreted?

A

Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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9
Q

What do insulin and glucagon do?

A

Act on effectors which respond to restore the blood glucose concentrations to normal levels

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10
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

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11
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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12
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood glucose concentration when it is too high

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13
Q

How does insulin work?

A
  1. Insulin binds to specific receptors on the cell membranes of liver and muscle cells.
  2. It increases the permeability of muscle cell membranes to glucose so the cells take up more glucose. It involves increasing the number of channel proteins in membrane.
  3. Insulin activates enzymes in liver/muscle cells that convert glucose into glycogen.
  4. Cell are able to store glycogen in their cytoplasm as an energy store.
  5. The process of forming glycogen from glucose is called glycogenesis.
  6. Insulin also increases the rate of respiration of glucose
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14
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

It raises blood glucose concentration when it’s too low

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15
Q

How does glucagon work?

A
  1. Glucagon binds to specific receptors on the cell membranes of liver cells.
  2. Glucagon activates enzymes in liver cells that break down glycogen into glucose.
  3. The process of breaking down glycogen is called glycogenolysis.
  4. Glucagon also activates enzymes that are involved in the formation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids.
  5. The process of forming glucose from non-carbohydrates is called gluconeogenesis.
  6. Glucagon decreases the rate of respiration of glucose in cells
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16
Q

What process is activated by insulin?

A

Glycogenesis

17
Q

What processes is activated by glucagon?

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

18
Q

What happens when there is a rise in blood glucose concentration?

A

Detected by pancreas.
Beta cells secrete insulin
Alpha cells stop secreting glucagon
Insulin binds to receptors on liver and muscle cells
- Cells take up more glucose
- Glycogenesis is activated
- Cells respire more glucose
Less glucose in the blood returns the blood glucose concentration to normal

19
Q

What happens when there is a fall in blood glucose concentration?

A

Detected by pancreas
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Beta cells stop secreting insulin
Glucagon binds to receptors on liver cells
- Glycogenolysis is activated
- Gluconeogenesis is activated
- Cells respire less glucose
Cells release glucose into the blood to return the blood glucose concentration back to normal

20
Q

What is GLUT4?

A

A glucose transporter (channel protein) that is found in skeletal and cardiac muscles

21
Q

What does GLUT4 do?

A

When insulin levels are low GLUT4 is stored in vesicles in the cytoplasm of cells. When insulin bonds to receptors on the cell surface membrane it triggers the movement of GLUT4 to the membrane. Glucose can then be transported into the cell through GLUT4 by facilitated diffusion.

22
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone that is secreted from your adrenal glands

23
Q

When is adrenaline secreted?

A

When there is a low concentration of glucose in your blood, when you are stressed and when you are exercising

24
Q

Where does adrenaline bind to?

A

Receptors in the cell membranes of liver cells

25
Q

What does adrenaline activate?

A

Glycogenolysis
(breakdown of glycogen to glucose)

26
Q

What does adrenaline inhibit?

A

Glycogenesis
(synthesis of glycogen from glucose)

27
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Gets back the body ready for action by making more glucose available for muscles to respire

28
Q

What do adrenaline and glucagon act via?

A

A secondary messenger

29
Q

What makes receptors specific to adrenaline and glucagon?

A

They have specific tertiary structures that make them complementary in shape to their respective hormones.

30
Q

What enzyme is activated when adrenaline and glucagon bind to their receptors?

A

Adenylate cyclase

31
Q

What does activated adenylate cyclase do?

A

Converts ATP into a chemical signal called a second messenger

32
Q

What is the secondary messenger called?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

33
Q

What enzyme is activated by cAMP?

A

Protein kinase A

34
Q

What does protein kinase A activate?

A

A series of reactions that breaks down glycogen into glucose

35
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When the immune system attacks the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans so they cannot produce any insulin.
This means that after eating blood glucose levels raise and remain high (hyperglycaemia).

36
Q

What helps to treat type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin therapy (injections/pumps)
Eating regularly and controlling simple carbohydrate intake helps to avoid a sudden rise in glucose

37
Q

What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity
Family history
Lack of exercise
Age
Poor diet

38
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Occurs when beta cells don’t produce enough insulin or when the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin.
Cells don’t respond properly as the insulin receptors on their membrane don’t work properly so cells don’t take up enough glucose. This means the blood glucose concentration is higher than normal.

39
Q

What are the treatments of type 2 diabetes?

A

Healthy balanced diet
Losing weight
Regular exercise
Glucose lowering medication

Biology - Homeostasis (4 decks)

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