CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PART 2

Question 1

defined the concept of the causes of disease
Explain that the growth and reproduction of a microorganism (germs) inside a human body can cause a specific disease.

Answer 1

Germ Theory

Question 2

a disease-causing microorganism.

Answer 2

Pathogen

Question 3

can increase the risk of having a disease

Answer 3

Susceptibility & Pathogenicity

Question 4

2 TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:

Answer 4

Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System

Question 5

Non-specific
Does not confer a long-term immunity
Usually the first line of defense
Responds in a more generic way

Answer 5

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 6

Components: Innate Immune System

Answer 6

Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity

Question 7

Brought about by reactions of the macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes and mastocytes.

Answer 7

Inflammation

Question 8

Characteristics of Inflammation

Answer 8

Redness of the skin ( rubor)
Increase local heat temperature ( calor)
Localized or generalized pain ( dolor)
Swelling of the tissue (tumor)

Question 9

Redness of the skin

Answer 9

rubor

Question 10

Increase local heat temperature

Answer 10

calor

Question 11

Localized or generalized pain

Answer 11

dolor

Question 12

Swelling of the tissue

Answer 12

tumor

Question 13

7 Leukocytes

Answer 13

Neutrophil
Dendritic Cell
Basophil
Eosinophil
Mast Cell
Macrophage
Natural Killer Cell

Question 14

Most abundant form of phagocyte, the first to go to the site of inflammation

Answer 14

Neutrophil

Question 15

Mostly present in tissues that are exposed to external environment ( ex: skin, mucosa). It serves as the link between the innate and adaptive immune system (phagocytic)

Answer 15

Dendritic Cell

Question 16

Releases histamine in response to a parasitic infection

Answer 16

Basophil

Question 17

releases toxic molecule in response to bacterial/ parasitic infection

Answer 17

Eosinophil

Question 18

Releases heparin, histamines, chemokines, chemotaxic cytokines, involved in allergic reactions or anaphylaxis and wound healing

Answer 18

Mast Cell

Question 19

Phagocytic cells which can move across the walls of capillary vessels.

Answer 19

Macrophage

Question 20

Destroys compromised host cells such as virusinfected cells or even tumor cells.

Answer 20

Natural Killer Cell

Question 21

Highly specific
Creates a long-term memory of immunity against pathogens
Provides long-term protection to the host
Functions:
recognition of specific “nonself” antigens in the presence of “self” during the process of antigen presentation.
generation of responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogen or pathogen-infected cells
development of immunological memory, in which pathogens are “remembered” through memory b cells and memory t cells

Answer 21

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 22

TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES

Answer 22

T Helper Cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
Memory T Cell
Suppressor T Cells
Natural Killer T Cell

Question 23

Also known as CD4 T cells, secrets cytokines, assist in the maturation of B cells, activates cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

Answer 23

T Helper Cell

Question 24

Also known as CD8+ T cells, destroys virus infected cells

Answer 24

Cytotoxic T Cells

Question 25

Gets activated upon re exposure to a cognate antigen, can either be CD4+ or CD8+

Answer 25

Memory T Cell

Question 26

Shuts down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction

Answer 26

Suppressor T Cells

Question 27

Produces cytokines and cytolytic cells (cell destroying) molecules.

Answer 27

Natural Killer T Cell

Question 28

are the predominant cells involved in the creation of immunoglobulins (ig) or antibodies

Answer 28

B Lymphocytes

Question 29

Immunoglobulins

Answer 29

IgG
IgM
IgE
IgD

Question 30

majority of antibody based immunity against invading pathogens; the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus

Answer 30

IgG

Question 31

found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, saliva, tears and breast milk, prevents colonization of pathogens.

Answer 31

IgM

Question 32

binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergy. also protect against parasitic infection

Answer 32

IgE

Question 33

functions mainly as antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigen

Answer 33

IgD

Question 34

• is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of vaccine.
• vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect theperson against subsequent infection or disease.
• the principle of immunization- to introduce an antigen, derived from disease-causing organism, that stimulates the immune system to develop protective immunity against that organisms, but does not itself cause the pathogenic effects of the organism

Answer 34

Immunization

Question 35

Basic Types of Vaccines

Answer 35

Live Attenuated
Inactivated

Question 36

produced by modifying a disease producing virus
the resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate and produce immunity
ex: measles vaccine, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus and influenza

Answer 36

Live Attenuated

Question 37

• composed of either whole viruses or bacteria or fractional vaccine
• fractional vaccines are either protein-based or polysaccharide based
• protein based vaccines include toxoid
• conjugated polysaccharide vaccines contain polysaccharide that is chemically linked to a protein, that linkage makes the polysacharride more potent
  ex:polio, hepatitis A and rabies

Answer 37

Inactivated