CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PART 2 Flashcards
defined the concept of the causes of disease
Explain that the growth and reproduction of a microorganism (germs) inside a human body can cause a specific disease.
Germ Theory
a disease-causing microorganism.
Pathogen
can increase the risk of having a disease
Susceptibility & Pathogenicity
2 TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:
Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
Non-specific
Does not confer a long-term immunity
Usually the first line of defense
Responds in a more generic way
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Components: Innate Immune System
Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity
Brought about by reactions of the macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes and mastocytes.
Inflammation
Characteristics of Inflammation
Redness of the skin ( rubor)
Increase local heat temperature ( calor)
Localized or generalized pain ( dolor)
Swelling of the tissue (tumor)
Redness of the skin
rubor
Increase local heat temperature
calor
Localized or generalized pain
dolor
Swelling of the tissue
tumor
7 Leukocytes
Neutrophil
Dendritic Cell
Basophil
Eosinophil
Mast Cell
Macrophage
Natural Killer Cell
Most abundant form of phagocyte, the first to go to the site of inflammation
Neutrophil
Mostly present in tissues that are exposed to external environment ( ex: skin, mucosa). It serves as the link between the innate and adaptive immune system (phagocytic)
Dendritic Cell
Releases histamine in response to a parasitic infection
Basophil
releases toxic molecule in response to bacterial/ parasitic infection
Eosinophil
Releases heparin, histamines, chemokines, chemotaxic cytokines, involved in allergic reactions or anaphylaxis and wound healing
Mast Cell
Phagocytic cells which can move across the walls of capillary vessels.
Macrophage
Destroys compromised host cells such as virusinfected cells or even tumor cells.
Natural Killer Cell
Highly specific
Creates a long-term memory of immunity against pathogens
Provides long-term protection to the host
Functions:
recognition of specific “nonself” antigens in the presence of “self” during the process of antigen presentation.
generation of responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogen or pathogen-infected cells
development of immunological memory, in which pathogens are “remembered” through memory b cells and memory t cells
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
T Helper Cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
Memory T Cell
Suppressor T Cells
Natural Killer T Cell
Also known as CD4 T cells, secrets cytokines, assist in the maturation of B cells, activates cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
T Helper Cell
Also known as CD8+ T cells, destroys virus infected cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Gets activated upon re exposure to a cognate antigen, can either be CD4+ or CD8+
Memory T Cell
Shuts down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction
Suppressor T Cells
Produces cytokines and cytolytic cells (cell destroying) molecules.
Natural Killer T Cell
are the predominant cells involved in the creation of immunoglobulins (ig) or antibodies
B Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgE
IgD
majority of antibody based immunity against invading pathogens; the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus
IgG
found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, saliva, tears and breast milk, prevents colonization of pathogens.
IgM
binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergy. also protect against parasitic infection
IgE
functions mainly as antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigen
IgD
- is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of vaccine.
- vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect theperson against subsequent infection or disease.
- the principle of immunization- to introduce an antigen, derived from disease-causing organism, that stimulates the immune system to develop protective immunity against that organisms, but does not itself cause the pathogenic effects of the organism
Immunization
Basic Types of Vaccines
Live Attenuated
Inactivated
produced by modifying a disease producing virus
the resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate and produce immunity
ex: measles vaccine, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus and influenza
Live Attenuated
- composed of either whole viruses or bacteria or fractional vaccine
- fractional vaccines are either protein-based or polysaccharide based
- protein based vaccines include toxoid
- conjugated polysaccharide vaccines contain polysaccharide that is chemically linked to a protein, that linkage makes the polysacharride more potent
ex:polio, hepatitis A and rabies
Inactivated
