Contributors

Question 1

Hippocrates (460BC

Answer 1

Environment & human behaviors affect health: “healthy mind in health body”.

Question 2

Alexander Louis (1872)

Answer 2

Alexander Louis (1872): French physician, Systematized application of numerical thinking

Question 3

James Lind (1747)

Answer 3

James Lind (1747): Scottish Doctor, treated scurvy
among sailors with fresh fruit (lemons)…first Clinical trial in history

Question 4

John Graunt (1662)

Answer 4

John Graunt (1662): Quantified births, deaths and diseases (Statistician, founder of demography in London).

Question 5

William Farr (1839)

Answer 5

William Farr (1839): Established application of vital statistics to evaluate health problems…Founder of medical statistics.

Question 6

John Snow (1854)

Answer 6

John Snow (1854): tested a hypothesis on the origin of an epidemic of cholera in London.

Question 7

Bradford Hill (1937):

Answer 7

Bradford Hill (1937): Suggested criteria for establishing causation.

Question 8

Antony van Leeuwenhoek 17th c:

Answer 8

Antony van Leeuwenhoek 17th c: (father of microbiology), Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe live microorganisms in water mud and saliva.

Question 9

John Hunter 18th c:

Answer 9

John Hunter 18th c: Scottish surgeon he was considered the leading authority on venereal diseases, and believed that Syphilis and Gonorrhea were caused by a single pathogen.

Question 10

Edward Jenner 18th-19th c:

Answer 10

Edward Jenner 18th-19th c: An English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.

Question 11

Ignaz Semmelweis 19th c

Answer 11

Ignaz Semmelweis 19th c: A Hungarian physician and scientist, known as early pioneer of antiseptic procedures
. Described as the “savior of mothers“, he discovered that the incidence of
Puerperal sepsis can be prevented if the attending nurses apply hygienic measures. Hand washing stops infections

Question 12

Louis Pasteur 19th c

Answer 12

Louis Pasteur 19th c: French biologist, microbiologist , and chemist.
1. Discovered the principle of Fermentation of alcohol by microorganisms.
2. Invent a technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination, a process called pasteurization.
3. Created the first Vaccines of rabies, Bacillus anthrax.

Question 13

Robert Koch 19th c:

Answer 13

Robert Koch 19th c:
Developed microbiological media & streak plates for pure culture.
Germ theory (Koch’s
postulates): Microorganism must be
present in every case of the disease.
Organism must be grown in pure culture from the diseased host.
Inoculation of above into host must give same disease. Organism must be recovered from experimentally infected host.

Question 14

Alexander Fleming – 1928

Answer 14

Alexander Fleming – 1928 – A Scottish physician and microbiologist, his best known discovery the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens in 1928.

Question 15

Kary Mullis 1986:

Answer 15

Kary Mullis 1986: An American biochemist , invent Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique.

Question 16

Zur Hausen :

Answer 16

Zur Hausen : A German virologist, He has done research on cancer of the cervix, where he discovered the role
of papilloma viruses, This research directly made possible the development of a vaccine HPV.

Question 17

Doll & Bradford-Hill

Answer 17

Doll & Bradford-Hill smoking and carcinoma of the lung: preliminary report, BMJ 1950;II:739-48
•Patients with lung cancer more likely to have smoked •85-90% of cases are due to tobacco”

Question 18

Dr. Thomas Francis

Answer 18

In April 1955, Dr. Thomas Francis,
director of Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Evaluation Center at the University
of Michigan, announced that the
two-year field trial of the Salk vaccine
against polio was up to 90% effective
“The results announced by Francis effectively marked the beginning of the end of polio as the most life-threatening and debilitating public health threat to the children of the United States“.