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Radiography > Contrast Media > Flashcards

Contrast Media Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we use contrast media

A

To visualise soft tissues

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2
Q

Gastrogram

A

+ve cm barium is used to line the organ and then distended with -ve cm air

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3
Q

Cystogram

A

+ve cm iodine is used to line the bladder and then distended with the negative cm air

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4
Q

Positive contrast media

A

contains elements of a high atomic number that are radio opaque (i.e. appear white on xray film - whiter than bone)

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5
Q

Negative contrast media

A

Gases which because of thier low density are radiolucent and appear black on x-ray. Commonly used gases, O2, room air, CO2,

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6
Q

Examples of common +VE contrast media

A

Barium

Water soluble iodine

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7
Q

Barium

A

Micropaque - powder, paste or solution

Used in GI tract

Adv - inert, insoluble

Dis- may cause a foreign body reaction if leaks

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8
Q

Water soluble iodine - Most common

A

Conray

Gastro-conray

Urografin

Gastrogafin

Hypaque

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9
Q

Water soluble iodine - Features

A

Hypertonic

Soluble

Following IV - excreted via kidney

Can use direct into lower urinary tract

Can use direct into GIT (not as effective as barium but can use if GI rupture)

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10
Q

Water soluble iodine- side effects

A

IV may cause fall in blood pressure or anaphylactic reaction

If animal conscious may cause whining or retching

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11
Q

Lower osmolar ionic media

A

e.g. Hexabrix

Fewer side effects than water soluble iodine

Better contrast in GIT than water soluble iodine

Not good for myelogram - draws water in and causes pressure

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12
Q

Lower osmolar non-ionic media

A

E.g. Omnipaque

Safe for myelography

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13
Q

Contrast radiography methods

A

Myelography

Gastrogram

Cystogram

Retrograde urography

IV urography

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14
Q

Myelography

A

Used to indicate lesions that are not detectable on ordinary x-rays

Indications- spinal pain, neurological signs, prolapsed invertebral discs

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15
Q

Myelography preperation of patient and equipment

A

Anaesthetised

Clip area (caudal to skull or lumbar spine)

Spinal needle (20-22g)

Warmed contrast media

Check dose ( variations between cisternal tap and lumbar tap)

Syringe

Sample bottle for CSF

Aid to elevate head

Surgical scrub

Sterile gloves

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16
Q

Myelography method of restraint

A

GA essential

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17
Q

Myelography method

A

Cisterna Magna puncture (most common for myelogram)

Lumbar puncture

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18
Q

Cisterna magna puncture method

A

Elevate table to about 10 degree of tilt

Clip and surgically clean site

Head flexed 90degrees to spine

VS inserts needle between skull and atlas vertebra

Advance needle slowly until CSF drips out

CSF for cytology analysis

inject warm contrast media slowly 1min

Patient must not move for injection/while spinal needle is in place

Needle removed and head extended again

Head to remain elevated until completely recovered

19
Q

X-rays

A

Sequential lateral to follow media

VD when lesion identified

Same for lumbar puncture

20
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal study

A

to evaluate the stomach and small intestines

Indicated for patients;
V+
Abnormal bowel movements
Suspected FB or obstruction
Chronic weight loss
Persistant abdominal pain
21
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal study contrast media

A

Orally administered via stomach tube

Barium sulphate normally used (+ve CM)

Water soluble iodine to be used if intestinal perforation is suspected

both +ve and -ve contrast media can be used

22
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal study equipment

A

Stomach tube

Large syringe

Water soluble iodine

Lubricant

23
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal study patient preperation

A

Fast for 24 hours

Enema day before, 4hrs before and 1hour before

Sedate if necessary (suggested sedative ACP)

glucagon (GI hypotonic agent that induces hypomobility)

GA slows gut

Atropine slows gut

24
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal study procedure

A

Survey radiographs to be taken

Administer barium (or water soluble iodine if suspect perforation)

Place contrast media using syring into patients mouth allowing to swallow OR orogastric tube

(small amount water infused to check placement - will couch if incorrectly placed)

25
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal study radiographs to be taken

A

DV, VD, R lateral, L lateral

Take immediately after CM administration

Take at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minute intervals

26
Q

Pneumocystography

A

Contrast media is air or gas such as carbon dioxide

27
Q

Pneumocystography air/gas dosage

A

Small dogs/cats - 35ml

Larger dogs - 50 - 300ml

28
Q

Pneumocystography precautions

A

Palpate bladder whilst administering gas to prevent rupture/ over distention

Patient to be placed in L lateral recumbency to administer - reduces risk of air embolism

29
Q

Pneumocystography equipment

A 
Urinary catheter
3 way tap
syringes
sterile lubricant
sterile spray/germicidal soap prep
gauze
2% lidocaine or GA/sedation
sterile gloves
otoscope speculum
kidney dish
30
Q

Pneumocystography patient preperation

A

Fasted 12-24hrs

Enema at least 4hrs prior to exam

Sedated/anaesthetised

Abdo imaging should be taken prior to sedation/GA

31
Q

Pneumocystography procedure

A

R lat and VD views of abdomen

External areas cleaned w appropriate solution

sterile lubricant to catheter

Insert catheter aseptically

lidocain into bladder (dog 3-5ml, cat 2-5ml)

place in L lat recumbency

administer air or gas

Bladder palpated to avoid over distension

L lat, VD and oblique views of bladder

32
Q

Double cystography contrast media

A

gas/air

water sol iodine

33
Q

Double cystography precautions

A

(same as pneumocystogram)

Palpate bladder whilst administering gas to prevent rupture/ over distention

Patient to be placed in L lateral recumbency to administer - reduces risk of air embolism

34
Q

Double cystography precautions

A

(same as pneumocystogram)

Palpate bladder whilst administering gas to prevent rupture/ over distention

Patient to be placed in L lateral recumbency to administer - reduces risk of air embolism

35
Q

Double cystography equipment

A 
Urinary catheter
3 way tap
syringes
sterile lubricant
skin prep solution
gauze
2% lidocaine
sterile gloves
Otoscope speculum
Kidney dish
Water sol iodine
36
Q

Double cystography patient prep

A

Fasted 12-24hrs

Enema at least 4 hrs prior to exam

GA / sedation

Abdominal images should be taken prior to GA/sedation

37
Q

Double cystography procedure

A

R lat and VD views of abdomen

External areas cleaned w appropriate solution

sterile lubricant to catheter

Insert catheter aseptically

lidocain into bladder (dog 3-5ml, cat 2-5ml)

place in L lat recumbency

administer air or gas

Bladder palpated to avoid over distension

L lat, VD and oblique views of bladder

38
Q

Double cystography indications

A

Haematauria

Dysuria

Infection

Bladder rupture

Anuria

Calculi

39
Q

Angiocardiography

A

congential/aquired cardiac disease

GA required

CM injected into jugular/cephalic vein
or directly into heart chambers via catheters into jugular vein and carotid/femoral arteries

Several radiographs taken

40
Q

Portal venography

A

Liver disease

GA laparotomy perfomed and splenic or mesentric vein cannulated

Iodine CM is injected as a bolus

A normal liver will show the CM entering through the portal vein & through liver (branching)

41
Q

Bronchography

A

Viscous iodine

Patient is anaesthetised and placed in lat recumbency with side to be investigated downwards

CM injected through ET tube

Will show parasites, FB an tumours

42
Q

Arthrogrophy

A

-ve, +ve or double CM used

GA required as painful

Will show joint distension or rupture and defects in the joint cartilage

Most commonly used in the shoulder of the dog (1-1.5ml iodine) to demonstrate OCD

43
Q

Fistulography

A

Will show up sinus tracts and fistulae using water soluble iodine

Used to show extent of damage and whether there are any foreign bodies

Radiography (2 decks)

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