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NucPharma Lec > Contrast Media > Flashcards

Contrast Media Flashcards

1
Q

3 molecular/functional imaging

A

scintigraphy, PET, SPECT

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2
Q

limitations of molecular/functional imaging

A

inability to accurately measure gross/structural changes

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2
Q

longest waves

A

radiowaves

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3
Q

shortest waves

A

gamma rays

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4
Q

who first documented x-ray imaging using an opaque contrast

A

Eduard Haschek and Otto Theodor Lindenthal

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5
Q

oral bismuth subnitrate was used for?

A

for visualization of GIT

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6
Q

Barium sulfate is used for?

A

as an oral radiopaque contrast

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7
Q

2% Collargol (colloidal silver) used in?

A

cystography

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8
Q

for retrograde pyelography but eventually causing toxicity/deaths

A

5% Collargol

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9
Q

Use of silver iodide for

A

retrograde pyelography

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10
Q

First attempt to use sodium iodide for?

A

renography

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11
Q

Use of 25% sodium and potassium iodide
for ___ →later modified to ___

A

renography, 13.5%

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12
Q

it replaced colloidal silver as the contrast medium of choice for retrograde pyelography but failed as a contrast medium in excretory urography

A

10% sodium iodide solution

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13
Q

Pyelognost

A

(co-intravenous administration of sodium iodide and urea) for pyelography

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14
Q

was the use of selectan (54.1% I) as a contrast medium for excretory urography successful?

A

no

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15
Q

was the use of uroselectan as a contrast medium for excretory urography successful?

A

yes

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16
Q

Iopax

A

uroselectan

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17
Q

Neo-Iopax

A

Uroselectan B

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18
Q

Diodrast

A

Diodone

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19
Q

became the standard IV contrast media
for urography for the next 20 years

A

Neo-Iopax (Uroselectan B) and Diodrast (Diodone)

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20
Q

Neo-Iopax (Uroselectan B) and Diodrast (Diodone) was later replaced by 3 1st gen agents. What are these?

A

Urokon (Acetrizoate)
Hypaque (Diatrizoate)
Conray (Iothalamate)

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21
Q

what is the osmolality of Urokon (Acetrizoate), Hypaque (Diatrizoate), Conray (Iothalamate)

A

high osmolality contrast media (HOCM)

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22
Q

what is Lipiodol?

A

iodinated poppy seed oil, developed in 1901 by Guerbet and Lafay

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23
Q

it is used foer bronchography and myelography→was later replaced by bronchoscopy and CT scan

A

lipiodol

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24
Q

Successful image of a dog’s heart through ___ but ___ resulted in death

A

IV injection of lipiodol to the femoral vein, intraarterial injection to the femoral artery

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25
Q

Berberich and Hirsch

A

First angiography on a living human using 20% strontium bromide

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26
Q

First angiography on a living human using ___

A

20% strontium bromide

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27
Q

First arteriography done in living humans using ___

A

25% sodium iodide to the internal carotid artery

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28
Q

he discovered that osmolality of contrast media is directly proportional to its toxicity

A

Torsten Almén

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29
Q

developed the first non-ionic iodine contrast media

A

Torsten Almén

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30
Q

the first non-ionic iodine contrast media

A

Amipaque (metrizamide, 48% I)

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31
Q

Amipaque was found to be not useful in ___ due to its poor solubility

A

urography

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32
Q

it was used as prototype of highly soluble 2nd gen agents

A

Amipaque (metrizamide)

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33
Q

highly soluble 2nd gen agents (related to amipaque)

A

Omnipaque (iohexol)
Isovue (iopamidol)
Optiray (ioversol)

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34
Q

Amipaque was repurposed as the first non- ionic iodine contrast intended for ___

A

coronary angiography

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35
Q

Hippuran

A

iodohippurate sodium, 38.8% I

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36
Q

who developed Hippuran?

A

Moses Swick

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37
Q

developed as an alternative radiopaque contrast media to Neo-Iopax and Diodrast

A

Hippuran (iodohippurate sodium)

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38
Q

the compound had low iodine content and less tolerated at higher doses

A

Hippuran (iodohippurate sodium

39
Q

Hippuran (iodohippurate sodium) was redeveloped to become ___ which is among the common renal tubular function agents in nuclear medicine

A

[131-I] hippuran

40
Q

what is the technetium-labeled analog of [131I]hippuran

A

[99mTc]MAG3

41
Q

Isovist

A

Iotrolan (iso-osmolar, non-ionic, dimers)

42
Q

Visipaque

A

iodixanol (iso-osmolar, non-ionic, dimers)

43
Q

Iosmin

A

iosimenol (iso-osmolar, non-ionic, dimers)

44
Q

Omnipaque

A

iohexol (Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers)

45
Q

Isovue

A

iopamidol (Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers)

46
Q

Optiray

A

ioversol (Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers)

47
Q

Diatrizoate

A

High-osmolar ionic monomers

48
Q

iothalamic acid

A

High-osmolar ionic monomers

49
Q

ioxitalamic acid

A

High-osmolar ionic monomers

50
Q

metrizoic acid

A

High-osmolar ionic monomers

51
Q

Ioxaglic acid/ioxaglate

A

Low-osmolar ionic dimers

52
Q

Iobitridol

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

53
Q

iohexol

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

54
Q

iomeprol

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

55
Q

iopamidol

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

56
Q

iopentol

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

57
Q

iopromide

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

58
Q

ioversol

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

59
Q

ioxilan

A

Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers

60
Q

Iodixanol

A

Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers

61
Q

iosimenol

A

Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers

62
Q

iotrolan

A

Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers

63
Q

associated with side effects

A

Osmolality

64
Q

low osmolality agents are associated with side effects (T or F)

A

False - higher

65
Q

affects injection rate

A

Viscosity

66
Q

allows the production of highly concentrated
contrast media

A

Water solubility

67
Q

affects image opacity (higher Z – stronger contrast)

A

Iodine content

68
Q

specific to ionic agents

A

Electrical charge

69
Q

the more concentrated the contrast, the
denser it is hence the higher its absorption capacity

A

Specific gravity/density

70
Q

The osmolality of contrast agents affects the incidence of side-effects, particularly
above ___

A

800 mOsm/kg

71
Q

High osmolal agents

A

greater than 1500 mOsm/kg

72
Q

Low osmolal agents

A

600–700 mOsm/kg – set as the osmolality threshold

73
Q

value: what is set as the osmolality threshold?

A

600–700 mOsm/kg

74
Q

Iso-osmolal agents

A

290 mOsm/kg

75
Q

Indication of the osmolality of an agent is given by the ___

A

contrast agent ratio

76
Q

Number of iodine atoms / Number of particles in solution

A

Contrast agent ratio

77
Q

what is the osmolality of ionic monomers

A

1.5

78
Q

what is the osmolality of non-ionic monomers

A

3

79
Q

what is the osmolality of ionic dimers

A

3

80
Q

what is the osmolality of non-ionic dimers

A

6

81
Q

they have the highest viscosity

A

Non-ionic dimers

82
Q

they have the lowest viscosity

A

ionic monomers

83
Q

Employ preheating to prior to administration of viscous agents

A

viscosity

84
Q

The higher the ___, the opaquer the contrast becomes

A

iodine content

85
Q

Free iodide ions affect above all the ___ but also other organs and tissues

A

thyroids

86
Q

USP specification for free iodide should be no more than

A

0.02%

87
Q

pharmacokinetics of iodinated contrasts is characterized by ___

A

extracellular distribution followed by renal excretion by glomerular filtration

88
Q

Iodinated (aromatic) contrast agents are also very stable or unstable?

A

stable

89
Q

they are not metabolised and are excreted unchanged

A

Iodinated (aromatic) contrast agents

90
Q

what is the terminal halflife of iodinated contrast agents?

A

approx. 1.5 h

91
Q

An overview of the existing data on pharmacokinetics of X-ray contrast media in humans has been given by ___

A

Bourin et al.

92
Q

Low osmolar non-ionic monomers in the Philippine National Formulary

A
  • Iohexol
  • Iopamidol
  • Iopromide
  • Ioversol
93
Q

Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimer in the Philippine National Formulary

A
  • Iodixanol
94
Q

Non-iodinated contrast inthe Philippine National Formulary

A
  • Barium sulfate

NucPharma Lec (3 decks)

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