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NucPharma Lec > Contrast Media > Flashcards

Contrast Media Flashcards

1
Q

3 molecular/functional imaging

A

scintigraphy, PET, SPECT

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2
Q

limitations of molecular/functional imaging

A

inability to accurately measure gross/structural changes

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2
Q

longest waves

A

radiowaves

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3
Q

shortest waves

A

gamma rays

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4
Q

who first documented x-ray imaging using an opaque contrast

A

Eduard Haschek and Otto Theodor Lindenthal

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5
Q

oral bismuth subnitrate was used for?

A

for visualization of GIT

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6
Q

Barium sulfate is used for?

A

as an oral radiopaque contrast

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7
Q

2% Collargol (colloidal silver) used in?

A

cystography

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8
Q

for retrograde pyelography but eventually causing toxicity/deaths

A

5% Collargol

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9
Q

Use of silver iodide for

A

retrograde pyelography

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10
Q

First attempt to use sodium iodide for?

A

renography

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11
Q

Use of 25% sodium and potassium iodide
for ___ →later modified to ___

A

renography, 13.5%

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12
Q

it replaced colloidal silver as the contrast medium of choice for retrograde pyelography but failed as a contrast medium in excretory urography

A

10% sodium iodide solution

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13
Q

Pyelognost

A

(co-intravenous administration of sodium iodide and urea) for pyelography

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14
Q

was the use of selectan (54.1% I) as a contrast medium for excretory urography successful?

A

no

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15
Q

was the use of uroselectan as a contrast medium for excretory urography successful?

A

yes

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16
Q

Iopax

A

uroselectan

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17
Q

Neo-Iopax

A

Uroselectan B

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18
Q

Diodrast

A

Diodone

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19
Q

became the standard IV contrast media
for urography for the next 20 years

A

Neo-Iopax (Uroselectan B) and Diodrast (Diodone)

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20
Q

Neo-Iopax (Uroselectan B) and Diodrast (Diodone) was later replaced by 3 1st gen agents. What are these?

A

Urokon (Acetrizoate)
Hypaque (Diatrizoate)
Conray (Iothalamate)

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21
Q

what is the osmolality of Urokon (Acetrizoate), Hypaque (Diatrizoate), Conray (Iothalamate)

A

high osmolality contrast media (HOCM)

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22
Q

what is Lipiodol?

A

iodinated poppy seed oil, developed in 1901 by Guerbet and Lafay

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23
Q

it is used foer bronchography and myelography→was later replaced by bronchoscopy and CT scan

A

lipiodol

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24
Successful image of a dog’s heart through ___ but ___ resulted in death
IV injection of lipiodol to the femoral vein, intraarterial injection to the femoral artery
25
Berberich and Hirsch
First angiography on a living human using 20% strontium bromide
26
First angiography on a living human using ___
20% strontium bromide
27
First arteriography done in living humans using ___
25% sodium iodide to the internal carotid artery
28
he discovered that osmolality of contrast media is directly proportional to its toxicity
Torsten Almén
29
developed the first non-ionic iodine contrast media
Torsten Almén
30
the first non-ionic iodine contrast media
Amipaque (metrizamide, 48% I)
31
Amipaque was found to be not useful in ___ due to its poor solubility
urography
32
it was used as prototype of highly soluble 2nd gen agents
Amipaque (metrizamide)
33
highly soluble 2nd gen agents (related to amipaque)
Omnipaque (iohexol) Isovue (iopamidol) Optiray (ioversol)
34
Amipaque was repurposed as the first non- ionic iodine contrast intended for ___
coronary angiography
35
Hippuran
iodohippurate sodium, 38.8% I
36
who developed Hippuran?
Moses Swick
37
developed as an alternative radiopaque contrast media to Neo-Iopax and Diodrast
Hippuran (iodohippurate sodium)
38
the compound had low iodine content and less tolerated at higher doses
Hippuran (iodohippurate sodium
39
Hippuran (iodohippurate sodium) was redeveloped to become ___ which is among the common renal tubular function agents in nuclear medicine
[131-I] hippuran
40
what is the technetium-labeled analog of [131I]hippuran
[99mTc]MAG3
41
Isovist
Iotrolan (iso-osmolar, non-ionic, dimers)
42
Visipaque
iodixanol (iso-osmolar, non-ionic, dimers)
43
Iosmin
iosimenol (iso-osmolar, non-ionic, dimers)
44
Omnipaque
iohexol (Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers)
45
Isovue
iopamidol (Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers)
46
Optiray
ioversol (Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers)
47
Diatrizoate
High-osmolar ionic monomers
48
iothalamic acid
High-osmolar ionic monomers
49
ioxitalamic acid
High-osmolar ionic monomers
50
metrizoic acid
High-osmolar ionic monomers
51
Ioxaglic acid/ioxaglate
Low-osmolar ionic dimers
52
Iobitridol
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
53
iohexol
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
54
iomeprol
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
55
iopamidol
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
56
iopentol
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
57
iopromide
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
58
ioversol
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
59
ioxilan
Low-osmolar non-ionic monomers
60
Iodixanol
Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers
61
iosimenol
Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers
62
iotrolan
Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers
63
associated with side effects
Osmolality
64
low osmolality agents are associated with side effects (T or F)
False - higher
65
affects injection rate
Viscosity
66
allows the production of highly concentrated contrast media
Water solubility
67
affects image opacity (higher Z – stronger contrast)
Iodine content
68
specific to ionic agents
Electrical charge
69
the more concentrated the contrast, the denser it is hence the higher its absorption capacity
Specific gravity/density
70
The osmolality of contrast agents affects the incidence of side-effects, particularly above ___
800 mOsm/kg
71
High osmolal agents
greater than 1500 mOsm/kg
72
Low osmolal agents
600–700 mOsm/kg – set as the osmolality threshold
73
value: what is set as the osmolality threshold?
600–700 mOsm/kg
74
Iso-osmolal agents
290 mOsm/kg
75
Indication of the osmolality of an agent is given by the ___
contrast agent ratio
76
Number of iodine atoms / Number of particles in solution
Contrast agent ratio
77
what is the osmolality of ionic monomers
1.5
78
what is the osmolality of non-ionic monomers
3
79
what is the osmolality of ionic dimers
3
80
what is the osmolality of non-ionic dimers
6
81
they have the highest viscosity
Non-ionic dimers
82
they have the lowest viscosity
ionic monomers
83
Employ preheating to prior to administration of viscous agents
viscosity
84
The higher the ___, the opaquer the contrast becomes
iodine content
85
Free iodide ions affect above all the ___ but also other organs and tissues
thyroids
86
USP specification for free iodide should be no more than
0.02%
87
pharmacokinetics of iodinated contrasts is characterized by ___
extracellular distribution followed by renal excretion by glomerular filtration
88
Iodinated (aromatic) contrast agents are also very stable or unstable?
stable
89
they are not metabolised and are excreted unchanged
Iodinated (aromatic) contrast agents
90
what is the terminal halflife of iodinated contrast agents?
approx. 1.5 h
91
An overview of the existing data on pharmacokinetics of X-ray contrast media in humans has been given by ___
Bourin et al.
92
Low osmolar non-ionic monomers in the Philippine National Formulary
* Iohexol * Iopamidol * Iopromide * Ioversol
93
Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimer in the Philippine National Formulary
* Iodixanol
94
Non-iodinated contrast inthe Philippine National Formulary
* Barium sulfate

NucPharma Lec (3 decks)

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