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Contrast Flashcards

1
Q

What type of contrast is Barium Sulfate?

A

Positive contrast

Absorbs more x-rays.

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2
Q

The symbol for Barium sulfate

A

BaSO4

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3
Q

Characteristics of barium sulfate

A

Colloidal suspension- barium may separate in water
Does not dissolve in water
Does not interact in body

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4
Q

What is the ratio for thick barium

A

3 or 4:1 ratio of BaSO4:water

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5
Q

Thin barium ratio

A

1:1

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6
Q

What ratio do you give to a baby

A

1/2 thin BaSO4:1/2 water

Make hole bigger in nipple of bottle

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7
Q

If you are looking for a foreign body, 3 ways to give contrast

A
  1. Dip cotton ball in barium and have pt swallow it
  2. Barium pill
  3. Marshmallows dipped in barium, followed by thin barium.
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8
Q

Gastrographin is what type of contrast

A

Water-soluble Iodinates contrast

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9
Q

When is gastrographin used

A

Perforated viscus

Presurgical procedure

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10
Q

Contraindications for gastrographin

A

Hypersensitivity to iodine,

But it may not affect pt.

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11
Q

Desirable characteristics of contrast 7

A
  1. Acceptable taste
  2. Inexpensive
  3. Elimination naturally
  4. Homogenous- remAins stable or uniform
  5. Viscosity- thickness, must be easy to withdraw or instill
  6. Miscibility- sticks to walls and mixes with body fluids
  7. Toxicity
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12
Q

3 classifications of contrast

A

Gases
Barium sulfate
Water soluble iodine

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13
Q

Gases are radiolucent which means

A

It will decrease the density of the organ

Increase the density on the radiograph

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14
Q

Examples of gases used for contrast

A 
Air
Oxygen
CO2
Nitrous oxide
Helium
EZ gas II (also an antacid, antiflatulent)
Effervescent gas
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15
Q

Gas is used for

A

Double contrast studies to visualize the stomach and colon
Pneumoarthrography
When we want contrast absorbed by body, not too rapidly.

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16
Q

Barium sulfate paste and tablets are used for

A

Esophagus issues

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17
Q

Adverse reactions from barium sulfate

A
  1. Aspiration pneumonitis
  2. Barium impaction: elderly patients, the fluid is absorbed from barium and hard to poop out.
  3. Intravasation
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18
Q

2 brands of barium sulfate

A

EZ Paste

Esophatrast

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19
Q

Hygroscopic means

A

Some water gets absorbed out of the barium solution.

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20
Q

What does it mean when water-soluble iodine is given Intrathecally?

A

Injected in spinal canal

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21
Q

Isovue-M

A

Water-soluble iodine that is injected into spinal canal

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22
Q

3 ways Isovue 300 is given

A

Intravenous
Intra-arterial
Into organs

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23
Q

Which contrast goes into urinary tract or bladder.

A

Gastrographin

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24
Q

Define contrast media

A

A gas or radiopaque substance that is injected into the body, introduced via catheter, or swallowed in order to visualize internal structures radiographically.

25
Q

Purpose of contrast media

A
  1. Some soft tissue structures have similar densities which make them difficult to visualize without the use of contrast media.
  2. Substances are introduced into the body that absorb radiation to a different degree than the tissues themselves.
26
Q

Homogenous means

A

Remain stable or uniform

Same density throughout

27
Q

Viscosity means

A

Thickness
Must be easy to withdraw or instill
Easily flows into the organ

28
Q

Miscibility

A

Good capacity to adhere to walls of organs or mix with body fluidS

29
Q

Toxicity means

A

Innocuous or harmless to tissues it comes in contact with.

30
Q

Classifications of contrast media

A

Gases
Barium Sulfate products
Water-soluble Iodine compounds

31
Q

Gases aka

A

Radiolucent or negative contrast agents

32
Q

Gas contrast characteristics

A

Easy to penetrate by radiation.
These substances decrease the density of the tissue/ organ making it easier to penetrate
Must be absorbed by the body, but not too rapidly

33
Q

Examples of gas contrast

A 
Air
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide 
Nitrous oxide
Helium
EZ Gas or effervescent granules
34
Q

What gas contrast do we use

A

EZ Gas II- effervescent granules

Antacid, antiflatulent

35
Q

Gas studies and indications for use

A
  1. double contrast studies to visualize the stomach and colon.
  2. pneumoarthrography
  3. image to see torn rotator cuff/ torn meniscus
  4. True arthrograms are double studies
36
Q

Characteristics of Barium Sulfate Products

A
  1. Radiopaque or positive contrast agent
    @. Material that is difficult to penetrate by radiation; appears white
    #. Causes an increase in the absorption of x-rays
  2. Generally non-toxic
37
Q

Barium Sulfate Products come in what forms

A

tablet
liquids
powders
pastes

38
Q

desired characterstics of Barium Sulfate Products

A

Insoluble- incapable of beingdissolved in a liquid
Inert-inactive
Not absorbed or metabolized by the body
Eliminated unchanged from the body

39
Q

Contraindications for Barium sulfate products

A

Should not be used if obstruction or GI peroration is suspected; because it can cause peritonitis, and can die
Known hypersensitivity to barium sulfate; can be given an allergy prep

40
Q

Adverse Reactions to Barium Sulfate

A
  1. Reactions are infrequent and usually mild
    @. Procedural complications
  2. EKG changes have been shown to occur during or following barium enema
41
Q

Name procedural complications from Barium Sulfate

A 
aspiration pneumonitis
Intravasion
Embolization
Peritonitis following intestinal perforation (most severe)
Vasovagal and syncopal episodes
Fatalities
42
Q

Allergic Reactions to Barium Sulfate

A
  1. get complete allergic history prior to the patient receiving barium products
  2. Mild reactions: pruritus (severe itching), erythema (redness of skin), urticaria (hives 1 in 100,00
  3. Rare but more serious reactions: laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, or hypotension 1 in 500,00
43
Q

Signs and treatment for Apprehensive patients

A

may develop weakness, pallor, tinnitus, diaphoresis, and bradycardia
not allergic response in nature
treatment: patient lay flat for 10 to 30 minutes under observation

44
Q

Oral Administration of Barium Sulfate

A
  1. Thin or Thick barium
  2. Paste: esophotrast
  3. Tablets
45
Q

Hygroscopic complication from oral barium sulfate

A

the water gets absorbed out of the barium and the pateint gets constipated

46
Q

4 Facts about rectal administration of Barium Sulfate

A
  1. liquid barium
  2. powdered barium mixed with warm water
  3. either as a single or double contrast (barium and room air) exam
  4. administered with disposable enema kits
47
Q

Contrast media used for possible GI perforation

A
  1. Water soluble Iodinated Contrast Media

2. Used when barium sulfate is contraindicated

48
Q

Examples of Water Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media

A
  1. Gastrografin
  2. Oral Hypaque
  3. MD-Gastroview
49
Q

What type of contrast is the most commonly used contrast agent

A

Water-soluble Iodine Compounds

50
Q

Water-soluble Iodine Compounds is AKA

A

Aqueous Iodine Compounds

51
Q

Ways the Water-soluble Iodine Compounds are given

A
  1. orally
  2. intrathecally
  3. intravenously
  4. intra-arterially
  5. directly injected into the structure to be visualized
52
Q

What areas of radiology use water-soluble iodine compounds

A

cath lab
angio
cat scan
gallbladder removal surgery

53
Q

Describe the compounds of water-soluble iodine

A
  1. carbon-based
  2. contain iodine atoms and other atoms
  3. molecules vary in size and some compounds contain more iodine than others
  4. iodine has high atomic number, making it a good positive contrast agent
54
Q

Name studies that use water-soluble iodine

A
  1. urinary studies: IVU, cystogram
  2. Biliary studies: cholangiography
  3. Arthrography
  4. Cardiovascular interventional exams
  5. CT scans
  6. other fluoroscopic studies
55
Q

Examples of Water-soluble Iodine compounds

A
  1. Optiray
  2. Visipaque
  3. Custographin
  4. Isovue M
  5. Hypaque
  6. Cystografin
  7. Gastrografin
56
Q

Oily Iodine Compounds AKA

A

Ethiodized Oils

57
Q

a Specialized contrast agents used when absorption is not desired

A

Oily Iodine compounds

58
Q

Oily Iodine compounds were used in what 2 studies

A

bronchography

myelography

59
Q

What has replaced oily iodine compounds

A

newer aqueous iodine agents

Contrast (2 decks)

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