Context Flashcards

1
Q

Population in Dublin in 1900

A

400,000

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2
Q

Area of Dublin in 1900

A

24 square miles

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3
Q

Gaelic Revival

A

Attempts to reintroduce Irish language, literature and sports in the late 1800s

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4
Q

Industry in Dublin

A

Did not industrialise like Belfast and northern English cities did

Had breweries, distilleries and other smaller industries - but no large scale trade sector

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5
Q

‘The second city of Empire’

A

Many felt that Dublin had lost the right to this name due to the swift industrialisation of other cities

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6
Q

When did Ireland effectively lose its independence to begin with?

A

Norman invasions of 1169 and 1171 - from then on, Ireland had been under Norman/English control

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7
Q

When did Ireland gain dominion status?

A

1922 - Anglo-Irish Treaty (thus during Joyce’s time, many saw it as an era of occupation by an overtly hostile enemy)

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8
Q

Parnell

A

Leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (1882-1891)
Politically sidelined due to his affair with William O’Shea’s wife
Led to the stagnation of Irish politics

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9
Q

Joyce’s feelings regarding Parnell

A

Believed that the scandal had been hypercriticised and fabricated by Parnell’s opponents
Felt that the Irish people had betrayed Parnell (particularly the Church)

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10
Q

Historian A. J. P. Taylor on Parnell

A

‘More than any other man he gave Ireland the sense of being an independent nation’

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11
Q

Joyce’s education

A

The Society of Jesus - a Jesuit order - strict and rigorous education

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12
Q

Joyce’s religious beliefs

A

Felt that the church as a whole kept society ‘backward’ compared to the social and philosophical developments being made in the rest of Europe

However, many commentators feel that a Catholic sensibility continued to shape Joyce’s thinking - personal letters testify that he continued to attend Catholic Mass as well as Orthodox services, particularly in the week leading up to Easter

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13
Q

Number of religious figures in 1800

A

Only 1,850 priests and bishops and 122 nuns

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14
Q

Number of religious figures in 1900

A

3,700 priests and 8,000 nuns (incredible growth of the number of religious figures in Ireland during the nineteenth century)

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15
Q

Father of the Irish Revival

A

Standish James O’Grady

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16
Q

Gaelic League formed

17
Q

Legality of beating in 1900

A

A parent could legally beat any child over the age of two

18
Q

Corporal punishment abolished in Ireland

A

1982 - use of physical punishment by parents and teachers would have been very normal in 1900

19
Q

Education for middle classes

A

Boys were educated both at school and by private tutors – emphasis on Maths and Classics
Girls could be educated at school or at home – emphasis on singing, sewing, drawing as well as languages (French or German)

20
Q

Divorce in 1901 census

A

Census states that only 1 divorce took place within the five-year period that the census concerns – divorce was incredibly rare, which makes marriage all the more entrapping

21
Q

Level of marriage in 1901 census

A

Only 35.1% of women between 15 and 45 were married, giving Ireland the lowest level of marriage in any European country

22
Q

Average age of marriage

A

The average age at marriage was very high, and permanent celibacy (like Maria) was actually quite common at this time

23
Q

Married Women’s Property Act

A

1882 - allowed married women to own and control property in their own right

24
Q

Number of women in Magdalene Laundries

25
Joyce’s view of fallen women
Believed this was a false idea
26
% of discourse that is female
Women account for less than 25% of direct discourse in Dubliners
27
Garry Leonard on the crumbling of imperialism
Imperial Britain was slowing devolving, and with this came the pressure for Ireland to understand itself as Irish (Garry Leonard)
28
Joyce’s style of...
Joyce’s ‘scrupulous meanness’ is perfected in Dubliners as he explores the catastrophic world of his characters