Context Flashcards
What are the similarities and differences between the ICD-10 and DSM-IV?
DIFFERENCES:
- DSM = USA / ICD = Outside the USA
- DSM - more holistic approach - takes into account other factors such as environment or social factors that may have had an influence on the disorder - eg. - DSM has a multi-axial tool - contains several axis in which the dysfunctional behaviour can be diagnosed on - these axis take into consideration the mental health and social cognition of the individual. ICD is more reductionist - looks at only one factor when diagnosing the disorder.
SIMILARITIES:
- Both attempt to classify dysfunctional behaviour to help psychiatrists to make a correct and informed diagnosis. This means all clinicians will be able to give correct treatment to treat the patient - eg. depression. - would be given drug-therapy or homeopathic therapy. - Means there is reliability and consistency when diagnosing.
- Both need to be regularly updated to accommodate new disorders - accommodates and reflects regularly changing societies. - eg. society’s views change regularly - obesity was not seen as dysfunctional, but was seen as a sign of wealth - same with homosexuality - it was seen as unnatural and dysfunction but is now accepted within society. - This is good as we can keep updated and more diagnosis will be made to fit diff types of dysfunctional behaviour.
- Both ethnocentric and gender biased - manuals do not reflect cultural differences in society - both manuals written by white, middle class males. - Lack of cultural diversity and lack of female involvement in the writing of these - therefore do not reflect cultural or gender differences.
What is “Histrionic Personality Disorder”?
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
- Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention
- Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
- Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
- Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to themselves
- Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
- Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion
- Is highly suggestible, i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances
- Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are
What is “Anti-Social Personality Disorder”?
Antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed when a person’s pattern of antisocial behavior has occurred since age 15 (although only adults 18 years or older can be diagnosed with this disorder) and consists of the majority of these symptoms:
- Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest
- Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure
- Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
- Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults
- Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
- Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations
- Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another
What is “Classical Conditioning”?
Before conditioning:
NEUTRAL STIMULUS > NO RESPONSE
During conditioning:
NEUTRAL STIMULUS > UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS > UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
After conditioning:
NEUTRAL STIMULUS > CONDITIONED RESPONSE
What is “Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?”
A > B > C
A - Activating Event or objective situation. The first column records the objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type of high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking.
B - Beliefs. In the second column, the client writes down the negative thoughts that occurred to them.
C - Consequence. The third column is for the negative feelings and dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge between the situation and the distressing feelings. The third column C is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the client thinks are caused by A. This could be anger, sorrow, anxiety, etc.
Ellis believes that it is not the activating event (A) that causes negative emotional and behavioral consequences (C), but rather that a person interpret these events unrealistically and therefore has a irrational belief system (B) that helps cause the consequences (C).
What is “Self Efficacy”?
According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations.” In other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and feel (1994).
People with a strong sense of self-efficacy:
> View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered
> Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate
> Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities
> Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments
> People with a weak sense of self-efficacy:
Avoid challenging tasks
> Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their capabilities
> Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes
> Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities
What is the “Health Belief Model”?
The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action (i.e., use condoms) if that person:
- Feels that a negative health condition (eg. HIV) can be avoided
- Has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, he/she will avoid a negative health condition (eg. Using condoms will be effective at preventing HIV)
- Believes that he/she can successfully take a recommended health action (eg. He/she can use condoms comfortably and with confidence).
CONCEPT: Perceived Susceptibility
DEFINITION: One’s opinion of chances of getting a condition
APPLICATION: Define population(s) at risk, risk levels; personalize risk based on a person’s features or behavior; heighten perceived susceptibility if too low.
CONCEPT: Perceived Severity
DEFINITION: One’s opinion of how serious a condition and its consequences are
APPLICATION: Specify consequences of the risk and the condition
CONCEPT: Perceived Benefits
DEFINITION: One’s belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact
APPLICATION: Define action to take; how, where, when; clarify the positive effects to be expected.
CONCEPT: Perceived Costs
DEFINITION: One’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action
APPLICATION: Identify and reduce barriers through reassurance, incentives, assistance.
CONCEPT: Cues to Action
DEFINITION: Strategies to activate “readiness”
APPLICATION: Provide how-to information, promote awareness, reminders.
CONCEPT: Self-Efficacy
DEFINITION: Confidence in one’s ability to take action
APPLICATION: Provide training, guidance in performing action.
What is “Locus of Control”?
“A locus of control orientation is a belief about whether the outcomes of our actions are contingent on what we do (internal control orientation) or on events outside our personal control (external control orientation).” (Zimbardo, 1985)
Those with an internal locus of control:
- Are more likely to take responsibility for their actions
- Tend to be less influenced by the opinions of other people
- Often do better at tasks when they are allowed to work at their own pace
- Usually have a strong sense of self-efficacy
- Tend to work hard to achieve the things they want
- Feel confident in the face of challenges
- Tend to be physically healthier
- Report being happier and more independent
- Often achieve greater success in the workplace
- Those with an external locus of control:
- Blame outside forces for their circumstances
- Often credit luck or chance for any successes
- Don’t believe that they can change their situation through their own efforts
- Frequently feel hopeless or powerless in the face of difficult situations
- Are more prone to experiencing learned helplessness
What is “Fear Arousal”?
Fear arousal as a method of health promotion refers to using fear and intimidation (usually through strongly emotive media campaigns) to persuade people into doing (or avoiding) certain health-related behaviours. Fear-arousing communication usually features two parts: stressing the severity of the issue using fear, and recommending an action to reduce or eliminate the health risk. The basic underlying assumption is that if the negative consequences of an action are made clear to an individual, they will be more likely to do something to prevent it.
The major issue with fear arousal is the ethical considerations it raises. Causing someone to feel fear goes against protection from harm, and actually causes psychological harm, which is against BPS ethical guidelines. Aside from this, although it is arguable that fear is a basic human emotion and as such fear arousal is applicable to everyone, people feel and respond to fear differently so fear arousal is unlikely to be effective for large populations.
What is “Fluoxetine”?
Fluoxetine is prescribed for depression, bulimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Fluoxetine hydrochloride is used to treat a variety of mental health problems. It is thought that Fluoxetine hydrochloride increases the activity and levels of certain chemicals in the brain. This can improve symptoms such as depression and anxiety.
In the early stages of taking Fluoxetine hydrochloride, suicidal thoughts and behaviour may be seen in some people. These people have an increased risk of self-harm or suicide in the early stages of taking Fluoxetine hydrochloride. As Fluoxetine hydrochloride starts to work these risks decrease.
