Content Knowledge Flashcards
William Lloyd Garrison
Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, volunteerist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted “immediate emancipation” of slaves in the United States.
Frederick Douglass
American abolitionist, women’s suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called “The Sage of Anacostia” and “The Lion of Anacostia”. Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.
John Mercer Langston
Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.
Nativism
The French philosopher Rene Descartes states that there is a body of knowledge that people are born with that requires no learning or experience. Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.
Logan’s Lament
He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.
Plantation
Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.
Interstate Commerce Commission
Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the its jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.
Northern Securities Company
Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt’s Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.
WEB Du Bois
An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP’s journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington’s ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.
Marcus Garvey
Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
The New Deal
Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 R’s: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through largescale spending on relief and reform.
The First Great Awakening
Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
Paleolithic Age
Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.
Shifting cultivation
Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practiced in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown
Yalta Conference
Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe’s postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.
Mixed government
Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.
Qin dynasty
A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Qin Shihuangdi was their first emperor, he believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works. Another ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.
Byzantine Empire
A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans Byzantine culture Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was preserved in libraries
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Mongolians Nomadic society with law code unification, strong military, but transmitted disease across continents
Islam
622 The year of Flight of Muhammad to Medina (considered the beginning of Islam) The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran. As an empire created trade routes; Arab expansion into Africa, Asia, and Europe; Arab center from Makkah to Baghdad to Cairo. Bureaucracy relied on non-Arabs; Arabs translated Greek philosophers.
Islamic Scholars Moved to Timbuktu. Inventions: irrigation; astrolabe; algebra; large-scale paper. The split of the Islamic empire. In the seventh century, into the Shiite and the Sunni.
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
Tang Dynasty
The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang’an (present-day Xi’an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period
Kingdom of Maili
Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.
Kingdom of Songhai
Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l’Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world’s second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
The factory system
Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.
The Great Leap Forward
In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up “backyard” industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c “backyards” produced lowquality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?
Neo Colonialism
A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial “progress,” but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure
Settled Agriculture
As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.
Cherokee
Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.
Iroquois
A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. Were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose use of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population that made war against other Algonquian peoples
Iroquois Confederation
The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the FrenchIndian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution. The nations who joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawk. Once they ceased most of their infighting, the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century northeastern North America.
The Five Civilized Tribes
Were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists’ customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. Lived in the Southeastern United States before their relocation to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.
American Dawes Commission
Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title of Indian lands, and adopt the policy of dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. During this process, the Indian nations were stripped of their communally held national lands, which was divided into single lots and allotted to individual members of the nation.
Marbury vs. Madison
Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court’s original jurisdiction was unconstitutional President John Adams made several appoints of federalist judges to the Supreme Court in the days and hours before Pres. Jefferson, an anti-federalist, was to take office, in a move known as the “Midnight Judges”. One of his last appt was on 3 March, the day before Jefferson was to take office. b. On 4 March, Jefferson ordered his Sec of State, James Madison, not to deliver Marbury’s commission. Marbury sued. c. The Supreme Court, and CJ John Marshall determine that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal that it gave the judicial branch powers not granted in the constitution. d. Served as the precedent for the SC to nullify laws it found unconstitutional.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Liberalism
A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
Communist Manifesto/ Das Kapital
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.
- economic control
- always been a class struggle b/w rich and poor
- theory of surplus value
- socialism is inevitable b/c capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote “Leviathan” and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society.
Legitimacy
Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders’ acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society’s generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.
Filibuster
A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.
Impeachment
The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”, Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.
Populist
A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of
Keynesian Economics
Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.
Group Norms
Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the members. “Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other.
B.F. Skinner
Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.
Serial-Position Effect
A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item’s position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the regency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).
The European Union
Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.
Miranda vs. Arizona
1966- U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and against self-incrimination. Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police. Created the Miranda Rule: The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)
Hominids
earliest known humans
John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. classified knowledge as either: according to reason, contrary to reason, or about reason. He thought reason and revelation were complementary and derived from God
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
- The Commercial Revolution: 1500-1700 that spurred the great economic growth of Europe and brought about the Age of Discovery and Exploration, which in turn helped to solidify the economic doctrines of mercantilism
- Scientific revolution- produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances
- Increase in population in Europe
- 19th century political and social revolutions that began the rise to power of the middle class and that provided leadership for the economic revolution
World War II
1939-1945 The struggle in which the United Sates, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union China and other allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan. Two atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in Japan to end the war, Of the many outcomes of war there are a few to note: Germany was divided into four parts and controlled by the Allied powers: geopolitical power shifted away from western and central Europe: the United States and Russia became known internationally as superpowers; new technology appeared (computer, jet engine, nuclear fission) and many global organizations sprouted (United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Internal Monetary Fund
1st Amendment
Freedom of religion, press, assembly, expression Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Major deserts
Deserts are land areas that are very dry and barren, mostly covered with sand and having specific plants and animals known only to that area. Some provide little possibility for human living conditions. Arabian, Atacama, Austrian, Iranian, Kalahari, Namib, North American, Patagonian, Sharan, Sonoran, Takla Makan-Gobi, Thar, and Turkestand
People
The people of the world are diverse and offer a rich contribution to global unity. The live throughout the regions of the Earth’s surface and sometimes are the primary means to defining an area. People are categorized in many ways in order to better describe them as related to their specific characteristics. Knowing information about the people of certain regions will help understand their relationships to the spaces of the world:
Neolithic Revolution
10,000 B.C.E
Began in the Middle East and spread into India, North Africa, and Europe
Developed agricultural societies Improved economic, political, and social organizations
Gave humans the ability to remain settled permanently Civilizations begin to form
Developed alongside major rivers for agricultural production (river valley)
Created a basic set of tools Introduced writing, mathematics, and politics
Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
5,000 B.C.E
Originated n the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia
Started from scratch with no model or examples (Sumerian People)
Created cuneiform (earliest from of writing)
Established political system with a king and organized city-states
Developed astronomical sciences, religious belief Improved agriculture through the use of fertilizer
Used sliver to conduct commercial trade
Developed procedures for law courts and property rights Focused on a standard legal system
Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilization
2,500 B.C.E
Developed along the Indus River
Prospered in urban civilizations
Traded with Mesopotamia
Developed well-defined alphabet and artistic forms
Maintained and regulated irrigation system
Created advanced engineering and architectural technology Developed impressive intellectual establishments
Constructed massive tombs and palaces
Invaded and destroyed by Indo-Europeans
Classical Civilizations
Expanded trade and provide other influences to areas outside their own borders
Reevaluated and restructured key institutions upon decline and fall empires or rules, policies, and values
Created new and varied religions
Increased agricultural options and opportunities
Extended the land territories and boundary areas Integrated the people and societies (social cohesion)
The Civilization of China
1029 B.C.E
Was the longest-lasting civilization in world history and one of the most influential. They had three dynastic cycles. Zhou, Qin, Han, all of which developed strong political institutions, created active economies, and promoted central tax systems. As one dynasty began to falter, the next rose developed through a prominent general, peasant, or invader who took the lead. Inventions: Bronze casting, crossbow, paper, iron plowshare, silk.
Original 13 Colonies
Began with founding of settlements called Jamestown (1607), Plymouth (1620), and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629). In 1773 is was established. They are
- New Hampshire
- Massachusetts
- Rhode Island
- Connecticut
- New York
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- Delaware
- Maryland
- Virginia
- North Carolina
- South Carolina
- Georgia
American government was formed?
1787
Articles of Confederation
1781
The first constitution of the 13 American states was later replaced in 1789 with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States it was the first attempt at establishing the basics of independent government. Passed Nov 15, 1777, they went into effect Mar 1, 1781 following ratification by the 13 states.
Prevented central gov from gaining too much power, instead empowering a congress elected by the people, with the states retaining final authority. With no central executive, it was too weak to be effective in settling disputes or enforcing laws. Led to the drafting of the constitution.
The Federalist Papers
1787-1788
This group of 85 articles was published in the New York newspaper to influence the decision to ratify the Constitution; even today it helps to explain intent of the Constitution. Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the antifederalists
Political Science
Is to promote citizenship education , so students can learn to make informed decisions that improve and enhance society. Focus themes of Power, Authority, and Governance and Civic Ideals and Practices, which provide students with knowledge about the forms of government and the importance of community participation in a society
Autocracy
Rule by one
Oligarchy
Rule by minority
Republic
Rule by law
Socialism
Rule by all
U.S Constitution
Was written by the founding Fathers i order to avoid the power of one single figure and to create a strong centralized government away from Great Britain. 1787 delegates voted immediately to abandon the Articles of Confederation and draft a new constitution. Checkes and balances, federalism, and separation of powers Three branches of government
Executive Branch
This branch of the government ensures that the laws of the United States are followed. The head of the Executive Branch is the President of the United States, who also command the military. The President has assistance from the Vice President, Cabinet members, Department members, and federal agencies, all of whom help carrying out policy and providing special services
Legislative Branch
This branch of government is composed of Congress and government agencies that provide support to the Executive Branch. Congress has the power to make laws for the United States and is divided in two parts: the House pf Representatives and the Senate. The Senate allows for the representatives from each state and the House permits representatives from the states population, with a total of 435 seats.
Judicial Branch
This branch of government contains the court system. The highest court in the land is the Supreme Court and included in the system are the federal courts, The courts must ensure that the rules of the Constitution are upheld, so members of the courts interpret the meanings of laws and how they should be applied
The Preamble
Is the formal introduction to the Constitution. It summarizes the basic premises and the explains the purpose of the Constitution
Amendment
Ratified in 1791 are considered the Bill of Rights Is to change the wrong or meaning of a motion, bill, constitution, and so on by formal procedure. Are incorporated into the meaning of the Constitution
Citizenship
As the way we act and live our lives. It includes how an individual makes decisions that may affect others and how individuals demonstrate their concern about the community and nation
Federalism
The sharing of power between the national government and the individual state governments. State government have their own constitution, similar to the U.S constitution, but the laws of individual states cannot conflict with the federal Constitution. Every state constitution reflects its individual history, needs, philosophy, and geography and is uniquely different from all states.
Dual Federalism
Is when the states govern the people directly and the national government governs foreign affairs. Continued until the Great Depression of 1930
National Government
Declares War
Manages foreign relations
Oversees international, foreign, and interstate Mints money in a treasury
State and National
Create and enforces laws
Set taxes
Borrow money
State Government
Oversees export and important within its boundaries
Manages public health and safety
Ratifies amendments
Checks and balance
Limits imposed on all branches of government by giving each the right to amend acts of the other branches
Congressional district
Divison or part of a state, each district elects one person to the House of Representatives
Constituent
Person who is represented by an elected official
Delegate
Person who is represented by an elected official
Indictment
Formal accusation through a legal process
Seperation of powers
System of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches
Veto
Cancel or postpone a decision, bill or so on
Physical anthropology
The study of physical characteristic and difference between groups of people
Nuclear Family
Which consists children (biological or adopted) all which resides in a single household and interact with one another in respective social positions
Norms
These include the general rules by which a society exes.
Residence
When people marry, they decide where to live, which is dependent on the societal norms and conforms
Neo-local
The couple chooses a place of residence separate from either set of patterns
Matrilocal
The couple lives with or near the family of the wife
Patrilocal
The couples lives with or near the family of the husband
Authority
Rules of power are often dependent on gender in most societies
Patriarchal Authority
The male has the power and authority demonstrated in personal as well as governmental law
Matriarchal Authority
The female has power and authority, often being the oldest maternal figure
Egalitarian
No one social group has grater access to economic resources, power, or prominence than another. Economic differences hold no bearing upon prominence within the society. For example a cook and a doctor have equal access to societal possessions
Rank
Economic resources and power are equal to all social groups, but prominence is unequally distributed. Often a river or chief maintain the highest prominence status
Class
There is unequal distribution in economic resources, and prominence among social groups. It can be a closed system or an open system
Socialization
The acceptance and practice of the behavior patterns of a culture (following the norms)
Acculturation
The modification and adaptation of an individual or group as a result of contact or interaction with another culture. It can also be the manner by which an individual learns a culture
Stereotype
Unsophisticated and strongly held belief’s about the characteristic of a group of people
Communist
Endorse the establishment of society based on common ownerships of the means of production
Industrialism
Uses large industries rather than agriculture or craftsmanship to create a system
Laisses-farie
Strict free market with absence of government involvement, promotes private to maintain freedom, security, and property rights.
Mercantilism
States that a nation must depend on its capital and that the world market is unchangeable
Socialist
System of social control regarding property and income rather than individual control
Black economy
An unreported sector of the primary economic system in which transaction are handled in cash only
Budget
Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation
Consumption
Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation
Depression
A long period of financial and industrial decline
Fiscal Policy
A way to regulate economic activity
Inflation
An increase in overall prices for products and services
Monetary Policy
The way government controls the money supply, such as interest rates
Recession
Period of slow economic growth plagued with high unemployment and minimal spending
Supply and demand
The amount of goods and services, which is directly related to the request for them when the request (demand) goes up, the amount (supply) must go up, and therefore, the price goes up
Value
The basis for economics,used to describe and measure what is occurring in the market
Anarchism
A lack of government based on the political philosophy by people who hold beliefs that the state is unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful and have attitudes that reject compulsory government Self-Regulated market with voluntary trade
Capitalism
Self- sufficient systems that limits outside trade, relying on its own resources
Dual economy
Two system (local needs and global needs) within one country, occurs mostly in under developed countries
Gift economy
Believes that goods and service should be given without specific reason, such as for generosity
Market economy
Considered a compromise system, as it allows public and privately owned companies or business to operate simultaneously. have no central authority; custom plays a small role
Natural economy
Operates on a bartering or trade system rather than a monetary foundation for the exchange of goods and services
Open economy
Allows export and import from the global market
Participatory economy
Guides the production, consumption, and allocation of resources through participatory decision-making of its society members
Planned economy (directed economy)
Is designed and managed through a primary authority Is designed and managed through a primary authority
Subsistence economy
Is one in which the output of services and good meets only the population consumption of the area and resources are renewed and reproduced
Six major social institutions
a. Family - the basic unit of any society and most important
b. Education - values and norms are communicated through institutionalized education.
c. Political institutions - determine the distribution of power. d. Economic institutions - distribution of wealth
e. Religion - provides mores and beliefs that unify a culture. f. Sport - reflects societal values, unifies, and an outlet for aggression.
Five major classifications of social groups
a. Primary - need for support, such as family and friends.
b. Secondary - need to complete a task.
c. Reference - form identity
d. In and Out groups - oppose and/or exclude each other.
e. Social networks - provide links to large groups of other individuals.
How is socialization important to individuals.
It’s how they learn to function within a specific culture or society. Observation of others behavior at an early age and throughout their lifetime teaches them how to behave and interact with others.
Three major ways sociologist gather and test data.
a. Surveys or direct questioning.
b. Controlled experiments.
c. Field Observations.
Sociology
The study of societies. Societies are made up of institutions, groups, and individuals. How they interact is a major focus of sociology.
The basic beliefs of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
a. Society is a constant struggle between classes. b. This struggle will eventually lead to revolution between the working class (proletariat) and the men of money and power (bourgeois).
c. This will lead to socialism, and eventually to communism, a moneyless, classless, stateless society.
Emile Durkheim’s influence on sociology.
Due to his effort, sociology came to be a major discipline at universities. He believed that the world was influenced by group and not individual beliefs. Performed in-depth studies of suicide rates due to large changes in society.
Auguste Comte and his sociological theory.
French philosopher who first used the term sociology. Major theory was Positivism, which relies entirely on physical data to describe and evaluate human experience, completely discounting metaphysical.
How does gender and age lead to discrimination.
a. Discrimination against women is profound in developing countries. Increasing the standing of women in society is a major element in increasing the livelihood of that society.
b. Discrimination against the elderly is based on their decreased physical ability and ability to contribute economically. Elderly bring experience and knowledge, however their poverty level is at 10% in the US.
Patterns sociologists use to define relationships involving race and ethnicity.
a. Assimilation:
1. Anglo-conformity - immigrants and minorities conform
2. Cultural pluralism - acceptance of racial and ethnic groups 3. Accommodation - mutual adaption between majority and minority
4. Melting pot - mixing of ethnic groups brings about new cultural gp.
b. Conflict:
1. Population transfer - one group is forced to leave by another
2. Subjugation - one group controls another
3. Genocide - one group destroys another
Three processes that bring about cultural change.
a. Discovery - finding things that already exist (fire).
b. Invention - creating new things that changes the way things are done.
c. Diffusion - borrowing elements of other cultures.
Major traits that appear in all cultures.
a. Recreation
b. Economy
c. Language
d. Institution
e. Arts
f. Beliefs
g. Environment
Subsistence.
a. Refers to the ways in which societies obtain the necessities of life.
1. Foraging or hunter-gatherer
2. Pastoralism
3. Horticulture
4. Intensive agriculture
Culture.
Culture is learned human behaviors. It consists of:
- Cultural universals such as language
- Culture, or traditions that define that a society
- Subculture, or a group within a group.
How did Max Weber explain differences in social dev between the east and west.
a. Differing religions led to different social dev.
b. Protestantism led to the dev of capitalism.
c. Organization of the state felt violence was a legitimate means of protecting citizens and enforcing rule.
Herbert Spencer
Credited with the idea of Social Darwinism. Spencer states that the major driving force behind changes in society is competition.
Why is Aristotle important to the science of Psychology.
Often cited as founding the science of Psychology due to his interest in working with the human mind. Felt that the mind was part of the body, but the psyche was a receiver of knowledge, and the focus was to uncover the soul.
Five techniques psychologists use in research.
a. Naturalistic observation - study people without interference
b. Surveys
c. Case study - individuals or groups are studied in-depth over time
d. Experimental - use of experimental and control groups to prove or disprove a theory
e. Correlational design - concerned with relationships between variables, such as how one factor causes or influence another
Psychology as a scientific discipline.
Psychology correlates human behavior and can use this data to predict future behavior. By observing patterns and recording them in detail, psychologists can apply patterns to predictions about human behavior in individuals, groups, cultures or even countries.
Who is Mary and Louis Leakey and why are their discoveries important.
The Leakey’s made major human species discoveries at Olduvai Gorge in Africa. They discovered human remains dating back 4 million years, stone tools, footprints, and Mary Leakey developed a classification system for early humans. Their findings changed theories on the development and evolution of humans.
What are the contributions of Margaret Mead to sociology.
Mead studied sexual beliefs and norms among S. Pacific and S.E. Asian cultures. She also studied how children were raised in different cultures, and how breastfeeding was viewed among different cultural groups. Her work popularized sociology.
Explain the characteristics and importance of religion in anthropological studies
a. Religion is a belief system that has a set of rituals involving the worship of supernatural forces that affect our daily life.
b. Religion provides meaning and explanation for life events and worldview.
c. Religion provides emotional support for individuals and a sense of community within the group.
d. Religion provides structured sets of moral norms for the group to abide by
e. Secularization has reduced the role of religion in everyday life, leading individuals to find other systems to fill the void.
Contributions of Sigmund Freud.
Freud was an Austrian doctor who developed a number of theories regarding human processes and behavior. He believed the subconscious to hold repressed experiences that drove behavior without the individual knowing it, and that these motivators could lead to severe personality disorders. He stressed sexual desire. His three major components of an individuals psychological makeup:
- Id - instinct or basic drives
- Ego - conscious and self-awareness
- Superego - strives for perfection and appropriate behavior
Contributions of Johannes Muller and Herman van Hemholtz to psychology.
The first psychologists to conduct organized and scientific studies of sensation and perception. They showed it was possible to study physical processes that work to produce mental activity.
Contributions of William James and William Wundt to psychology. Contributions of William James and William Wundt to psychology.
James founded the worlds first psychology lab, while Wundt published the first experimental psychology journal. ‘Introspection’ grew out of their work. Their work also helped separate psychology from philosophy.
Behaviorism.
John Watson developed the idea that growth, learning, and training would always win out over innate tendencies. He believed anyone could perform any type of art, craft, or enterprise with training and experience.
What were the major theories of Carl Jung.
A student of Freud, Jung developed the theory of Extroversion and Introversion, as well as proposing the existence of the collective unconsciousness and the occurrence of Synchronicity.
Social Psychology.
The study of ways in which people interact and why/how they decide who to interact with. The way people react are defined as:
- Social perception - how we perceive others based on our experiences and prejudices.
- Personal relationships - relationships developed among people for various reasons, to include reproduction and forming a family unit.
- Group behavior - people gather into groups with similar beliefs, needs, and characteristics. Sometimes group behavior differs from what might be practiced by an individual alone.
- Attitudes - indiv. attitudes develop over time based on experience, history, and knowledge, can change over time, but can also lead to prejudice.
Three major types of learning.
a. Classical conditioning - a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time.
b. Operant conditioning - behavior is punished or rewarded leading to a desired behavior.
c. Social learning - learning based on observation of others.
Gestalt Psychology, Social Psychology, and Modern Psychology.
a. Gestalt, dev. by Max Wertheimer, states that events are not considered individually, but as part of a larger pattern.
b. Social psychology studies how social conditions affect individuals.
c. Modern psychology combines early schools of thought by Freud, Jung, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic and stimulus-response theories.
Describe the work of Pavlov and Skinner.
Both built on the theories of John Watsons’ behaviorism, believing environment (outside stimulus) strongly influenced behavior.
- Pavlov’s experiments proved the existence of conditioned response causing dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell.
- Skinner built on Pavlov’s work, developing the Skinner Box used to develop and study conditioned response in rats.
What happens when industrialization comes about too quickly.
a. Use of technology not suited to the products being produced.
b. Poor investment capital.
c. Lack of time for population to adjust to new paradigm d. Lack of time for experience at all stages of development
How do banks function.
a. Banks earn income by making loans and earning interest.
b. If less money is available, fewer loans are made.
c. Banks can not loan out all their money, and must keep some in reserve
d. When the reserve ratio is lower, more money is loaned.
e. When the reserve is higher, less money is loaned.
f. The amount of the reserve is determined by the Fed Reserve System
What is the importance of eCommerce.
It allows businesses to deal directly with consumers and suppliers, bypassing middle men. It supplies nearly instantaneous gratification to the consumer on a wide variety of products, and is constantly and rapidly changing.
How do Open Market Operations work.
It allows businesses to deal directly with consumers and suppliers, bypassing middle men. It supplies nearly instantaneous gratification to the consumer on a wide variety of products, and is constantly and rapidly changing.
What is Knowledge Economy.
Knowledge economy is a growing sector of developing countries that many one day rival the Agri and Industrial Revolutions consisting of:
- Data
- Intellectual property
- Technology (primarily communication)
What are the major characteristics of international trade.
a. Can take advantage of larger markets, bringing a wider variety of products
b. Allows individual countries to specialize in products they can easily produce
c. Products unavailable domestically can be acquired through trade
What is cybernomics.
a. Economics driven by ecommerce. Some issues: 1. Security of online trade
2. Intellectual property rights.
3. Rights to privacy
4. Bringing developing nations into the fold
What are the five major characteristics of a developing nation.
a. Low GDP
b. Rapid growth of population
c. Economy that depends on subsistence agriculture
d. Poor living conditions that include high infant mortality, disease, sanitation and insufficient housing.
e. Low literacy rate
Three stages of economic development and the challenges of dev nations.
a. Developing countries typically don’t have the monetary or technical resources and training to advance in the stages of economic dev:
1. Agricultural stage
2. Manufacturing stage
3. Service sector stage
Four obstacles faced by developing nations regarding economic growth.
a. Rapid population growth
b. Trade restrictions
c. Misused resources by the nations government d. Traditional beliefs that slow or reject change
Three major classifications of inflation.
a. Creeping - 1-3 percent annually
b. Galloping - 100-300 percent annually
c. Hyper - More than 500 percent annually, leading to economic collapse
Define the role of the Federal Reserve.
a. Implements and regulates monetary policy in the US.
b. Decreases or increases money avail to slow or stimulate the economy
c. Controls the Discount Rate, or the interest rate charged to banks when they borrow money.
Five different forms of unemployment.
a. Frictional - when workers change jobs and are unemployed while waiting for a new job.
b. Structural - economic shifts reduce the need for workers.
c. Cyclical - business cycles bring about job losses.
d. Seasonal - seasonal cycles reduce the need for certain jobs.
e. Technological - technology advances result in job elimination.
What are the types of money available in the US.
a. Economists measure funds available by the following classes:
1. Deposits in checking and savings accts. (quickly conv into cash)
2. Savings deposits, CDs, and other monetary deposits.
3. The total funds available is the total quantity of the two.
What is inflation and unemployment.
a. When demand outstrips supply price are driven artificially high. Caused by a spending imbalance in the economy where it is growing too quickly.
b. When supply outstrips demand resulting in a surplus, causing companies to cut back on production or reduce employees.
c. Both are controlled by government intervention.
What is the types and functions of money.
a. Money should be scarce, stable, easily carried, durable, and easy to divide
b. Money is used in three ways:
1. As an accounting unit.
2. As a store of value.
3. As an exchange medium.
c. Three types of money:
1. Commodity - gems or precious metals
2. Representative - exchange for items such as gold or silver 3. Flat - no inherent value except as declared by a Gov.
Four phases of national economies.
a. The economy of a nation is stable when the output is equal to the aggregate demand.
1. Boom - GDP is high and economy prospers
2. Recession - GDP falls, unemployment rises
3. Trough - recession reaches lowest point
4. Recovery - economy stabilizes as employment and prices rise
Ways population growth is studied.
a. Size
b. Growth due to immigration
c. Fertility rate
d. Life expectancy
Types of earnings generated considered in calculation of GDP.
a. Compensation to employees
b. Rental income from land
c. Interest income from investments
d. Entrepreneurial income
e. (subtract taxes and depreciation)
How does population affect the GDP of a country.
a. If production is low/population high, income per person is low.
b. If the population grows quickly/income grows slowly, income remains low or even drops.
c. Economic growth requires consumers to purchase goods and workers to produce them. A population that doesn’t grow quickly cant produce enough workers to support rapid economic growth.
Two ways to measure GDP of a country.
a. Expenditures approach - how much money is spent in each sector
b. Income approach - how much money is earned in each sector
c. Sectors:
1. Consumers
2. Business
3. Government
4. Foreign sector
Government policies that mitigate inflation and unemployment.
a. Monetary - amount of funds available to banks (% rates)
b. Contractionary - increase taxes and decrease gov.
c. Expansionary - decrease taxes and increase gov. spending
Four types of monopolies.
a. Natural - a single supplier has an advantage over others
b. Geographic - one business offers the product in a certain area
c. Technological - one company controls the IT necessary to supply a prod.
d. Government - government is the only supplier of a product or service
Explain distribution of income and poverty.
a. Ranges from poorest to richest.
b. Income is not distributed evenly in most societies.
c. To determine income distribution, family income is ranked lowest to highest and then grouped into sections called quintiles and then compared.
d. Distribution of income is linked to higher levels of education and ability in upper classes, but also due to discrimination and monopolies.
e. Income gap grows due to growth in the service sector, changes in American family unit, and reduced influence of labor unions.
f. Poverty is living below the level of income needed for a family to function.
Four types of market structures in an output market.
a. Perfect competition - all existing firms sell an identical product and are not able to control the final price. It is not difficult to enter or leave the industry. (agriculture).
b. Monopoly - a single seller controls the price, there are barriers to entry, and high costs keep others from joining the industry.
c. Monopolistic competition - many firms sell similar but not identical products (clothes or food).
d. Oligopoly - only a few firms control the production and distribution of products. High costs prohibit entry.
Distribution channels in the modern marketplace.
a. Distribution channels are the route a product takes from producer to consumer
b. Influences the final price and availability
c. Two forms of distribution:
1. Wholesale - buys in large quantities and resells smaller amounts to businesses.
2. Retail - Sell directly to consumers.
d. Modernity of distribution - internet allows direct from producer to consumer, skipping the distribution system altogether.
Factor income.
a. Labor - wages
b. Capital - interest
c. Land - rent
d. Entrepreneurs - profit
Four major elements of a marketing plan.
a. Product - elements related to the product, including packaging, presentation, or services.
b. Price - cost of production, distro, advertising and desired profit
c. Place - what outlets will be used to sell the product (stores/internet)
d. Promotion - advertising to consumers through multiple mediums
Four factors of production.
a. Labor (v)
b. Land (f)
c. Capital
d. Entrepreneurship.
Three steps used to evaluate a market for a product.
a. Market research - researching a market to determine if it will be receptive
b. Market surveys - ask specific questions of specific groups about a product
c. Test marketing - releasing a product in a small geographical area to see how it performs.
Marketing and the four types of utility.
a. Marketing is the process of convincing consumers to acquire goods.
b. The ability of a product to satisfy a need is called utility.
The four utilities:
1. Form - about physical characteristics
2. Place - Location and convenience
3. Time - availability at a certain time
4. Ownership - passed to the consumer
Macroeconomics
How the national economics function (income, composition, and investment) a. Looks at economic trends on a national level (aka GDP). Variables include: 1. Output 2. Consumption 3. Investment 4. Gov. spending 5. Net exports
How does the USG control monopolies.
a. Sherman antitrust act - prohibits anything that limits competition
b. Clayton antitrust act - prohibits price discrimination
c. Robinson-Patman act - Strengthened the Clayton act
Two major types of consumer behavior in macroeconomics.
a. Marginal propensity to consume - when consumers make more, they spend more
b. Utility - the satisfaction a consumer has with a good or service
Define elasticity, market efficiency, comparative advantage and opportunity cost.
a. Elasticity - how the quantity of a product responds to price demanded
b. Market efficiency - when a market is capable of producing enough to meet demand.
c. Comparative advantage - in international trade, this is the ability of a country to focus on a specific product it can produce quicker and cheaper than other countries (aka opportunity cost).
Basics of a market economy.
a. Based on supply and demand.
b. Market equilibrium price - when needs of consumers meet the needs of suppliers
Microeconomics
How specific markets function involving consumers and businesses
a. Focuses on the way consumers behave.
b. How income is distributed.
c. Output and input markets.
d. The above factors determine production decisions of producers based on resources and costs.
Compare a planned economy to a market economy.
a. Market economy - supply and demand are determined by the consumer
b. Planned economy - a public entity determines what will be produced, how it will be produced, the means of production and who will benefit.
Market socialism.
Economic structure falls between market and planned economies. Planning authority determines allocation of resources, while consumer goods are driven by market demands.
What are the five types of market failure.
a. Competition is inadequate.
b. Information is inadequate.
c. Resources are inadequate.
d. Negative externalities or side effects that affect third parties.
e. Failure to provide public goods.
How do economists classify various markets.
a. Existence of competition
b. Number and size of suppliers
c. Influence of suppliers over price
d. Variety of available products
e. Ease of entering the market
Economics
Study of ways that societies allocate resources to individuals and groups within that society. Since resources are finite, allocation becomes a reflection of that society’s values. The economic system is based on:
- What goods are produced.
- How those goods are produced.
- Who acquires the goods or benefits from them.
How to interpret graphs and diagrams in social science.
a. Graphs show numeric information on both axis. b. Diagrams are drawings showing a progression of events.
How to determine adequacy, relevance, and consistency of information.
a. Before seeking info, develop a list of questions to keep information within the parameters.
b. Questions should be based on research goals. c. As pieces of information are discovered, they should be compared to the research questions to insure they are relevant.
d. Information from multiple resources should be compared for consistency.
e. Adequate information answers research questions completely.
How should info be collected and results organized and reported for research papers.
a. Identify a topic that is interesting and strong opinions are not already formed.
b. Identify a research question.
c. Identify sources for specific information.
d. Have a system for clearly identifying sources.
e. Information must be acknowledged with footnotes or a bibliography.
f. Research bibliographies of general sources to narrow down information specific to his topic.
g. Draft a thesis statement that summarizes the main point of the research.
h. Develop a working outline.
i. A rough draft should be developed that incorporates the results of research with citations.
j. The paper is then edited for clarity, style, flow and content.
Describe how timelines are used.
a. Used to show relationships between people, places, and events.
b. Ordered chronologically, L to R, or top to bottom.
c. Each event is associated with a date.
d. Electronically, they often contain hyperlinks to more information.
e. Cause and effect relationships can be observed.
f. They help make the passage of time a concrete concept.
Compare and contrast primary and secondary resources for research.
a. Primary resources:
1. Provide information about an event from people who were at the event.
2. Information from the period might show the social setting or how things were viewed at that time.
3. The internet is a primary source, but the website must be evaluated for the perspective. Websites hosted by individuals or special interest groups are typically biased as opposed to news organizations or government sponsored sites.
b. Secondary resources: 1.
Provide information about an event but weren’t written at the time the event took place.
2. They draw information from primary sources.
3. Have the additional advantage of historical perspective.
4. Magazines that write about events even a week later are counted as secondary sources.
5. They tend to analyze events more effectively than primary sources.
How can political cartoons be used in studies.
a. Drawing convey an opinion either critical or supportive, summarizing a series of events, fictional situation, or summarize an attitude.
b. Secondary source of information.
c. May have captions, dialogue, or cultural symbols.
d. Employ caricature to call attention to a situation.
e. The nature of a caricature reveals the authors position.
f. Students should examine the issue, what elements the artist used to support his point, and what the message is.
Compare and contrast the natural, political, and cultural features on a map.
a. Displayed in the legend.
b. Natural features are geographically identifiable areas such as water, mountains, etc, that can be compared by regions.
c. Political features are state divisions, roads, railroads, etc, that can be compared numerically. It provides information about density and population.
d. Cultural features may include roads, railroads, but museums and historic areas, archaeological areas, and campgrounds. This may provide history on an area, as well as current use.
How to organize information chronologically.
a. Each piece of information must be associated with a time or date.
b. Helps to analyze more easily the effects events have chronologically.
c. One disadvantage is that it does not highlight one event that may have been more important than other minor events.
How to recognize cause and effect relationships.
a. Simple linkages between an event that happened because of some other event.
b. Effects are chronologically ordered after causes.
c. Causes can be found by asking what happened.
d. Comparing similarities and differences requires putting two concepts next to each other and listing the ways they are the same or different.
e. Venn diagrams are often used to organize this information.
Cartographic Distortion.
a. Occurs when a three dimensional structure is projected onto a two dimensional surface of a map.
b. Maps that preserve direction are azimuthal.
c. Maps that preserve shapes are conformal.
d. Area preserving maps are equal area.
e. Distance preserving maps are so named.
f. Maps that preserve the shortest routes are gnomonic.
How to interpret charts and tables.
a. Charts are a visual representation of data.
b. Charts should be labeled in such a way that a reader can locate a point on the chart then consult the surrounding axis for table headings to understand how it compares to other points.
c. Tables are a type of chart that divides textual information into rows and columns. Each row or column represents a characteristic of the information.
Two major types of international organizations.
a. Intergovernmental Org (IGO) - made up of members from various national governments with treaties to determine functions and powers (ex: UN).
b. Nongovernmental Org (NGO) - Lies outside the scope of gov and supported through private donations (ex: Red Cross).
Presidential and Socialism as forms of government.
a. Presidential - similar to parliamentary with a legislature and political parties, but there is no difference between head of state and head of government.
b. Socialism - State provides social services to citizens and guides the economy. It also controls the production of goods, though it may not own all the means of production.
Four processes from which political candidates are chosen.
a. Nominating convention - party members meet to nominate candidates. The DNC and RNC are examples.
b. Caucuses - meetings attended by party leaders. Some state still use…
c. Primary elections - publicly held election to choose candidates.
d. Petitions - gathering of signatures to put a candidate on the ballot.
Role of diplomats in international relations.
a. Reside in foreign countries to maintain communications between states.
b. Negotiate trade agreements, environmental policy, and convey info.
c. Resolve conflict between the countries
d. Appointed by the President and approved by Congress.
Totalitarian Government.
a. Totalitarian - everything under the control of the gov., to include all personal freedoms. Everything must conform to ideals of the gov.
b. Authoritarian - widespread state authority but doesn’t dismantle all public institutions, ex: churches that don’t pose a threat.
List ways the average citizen can participate in the political process.
a. Voting for elected officials
b. Volunteer in political parties
c. Participate in caucuses or conventions
d. Donate money to political parties, causes, or social welfare issues
e. Participate in local gov.
f. Run for election in local, state, or national offices
Describe the role of the UN in international relations.
helps to form international policies by hosting representatives of various countries who then provide input on policy decisions. Member states not abiding by resolutions are subject to sanctions, often economic, though troops can be sent in from member nations.
Define parliamentary and democratic systems of government.
a. Parliamentary - government involves a legislature with a variety of political parties. The head of gov., usally a PM, is the head of the dominant party. A head of State can be elected or can by taken by a monarch.
b. Democratic - people elect their gov. representatives. Two forms of democracy:
1. Direct - each issue is decided by a vote where each individual is counted separately.
2. Indirect - employs a legislature that votes on issues that affect large numbers of people whom they represent.
How do political campaigns gain funding, and what is it used for.
Campaign funds are used for office space, supplies, and primarily advertising. Funds are typically gained through several sources:
- Personal funds
- Donations from individuals
- Special interest groups (most significant source of funding).
Define realism, liberalism, institutionalism and constructivism as they relate to International relations.
a. Realism - nations are aggressive, and work in their own self-interest. Relations are determined by military and economic strength.
b. Liberalism - believes that states can cooperate, and act based on capabilities vice power.
c. Institutionalism - institutions provide structure and incentive for cooperation among nations. Institutions are a set of rules used to make international decisions. They help distribute power.
d. Constructivism - similar to liberalism but realize perceptions countries have of each other affect their relations.
Explain the importance of free press and media.
Free speech is guaranteed by the first amendment and allows the media to report on government without fear of retribution. It insures that the people are informed about debates and discussions in congress, and draws attention to injustices and transgressions committed by their government. Media outlets CAN align themselves with a certain political ideology and skew the viewpoint in favor of their belief system.
Foreign policy.
A set of goals, policies, and strategies that determine how a nation will interact with other countries based on ideals and needs. Strategies shift with change in other countries.
The major figures involved in determining and enacting US Foreign policy.
a. Determined by Congress and the President, and is greatly influenced by the Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, and the NSA.
b. The State Dept. carries out policy, negotiates treaties, maintains diplomatic relations, assists traveling citizens, and advises the President on international issues. The DoD supervises the armed forces and provides assistance to the President as the Commander in Chief.
Three powers delegated to the national government by the constitution.
a. Expressed - declare war, regulate commerce, make money and collect taxes.
b. Implied - powers the gov. needs to carry out expressed powers.
c. Inherent - powers inherent to any gov not defined in the constitution.
Rights, duties, and responsibilities expected of US citizens.
a. Rights - expressed in the Bill of Rights, include the freedom of speech, religion, assembly and variety of others that the gov can not remove.
b. Duties:
1. Pay taxes
2. Loyalty to the gov but can criticize or seek change
3. Support and defend the constitution
4. Serve in the armed forces as required
5. Obey laws set forth by all levels of gov.
c. Responsibilities:
1. Vote
2. Respect each others rights and not infringe on them
3. Stay informed about issues
4. Respect each others beliefs
Civil liberty challenges that are currently being addressed.
a. Womens rights with regard to equal pay
b. Affirmative action to hire minorities
c. Civil rights of homosexuals with regard to marriage
d. Compensation of minorities for past discriminatory actions e. Public right to know vice gov. national security needs
f. Publics right to privacy vice gov. national security
Functions of political parties and party nominations.
a. Recruit candidates for office
b. Increase public awareness
c. Work toward compromise on difficult issues
d. Staff gov offices and provide admin support
e. Support candidates as they run for office and are elected
Six major principles of government in the Constitution.
a. Federalism - power is divided between state and national gov.
b. Limited government - gov powers are limited and individual rights are inviolable by gov.
c. Popular sovereignty - gov gets its power by and from the people
d. Separation of Powers - gov is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial
e. Checks and balances - no branch can act without input from another, and each has the power to check another to balance power.
f. Judicial review - courts at all levels can declare laws invalid if they violate state or US constitution. Supreme court is the final authority.
What is US citizenship and how can it be lost.
a. Anyone born in the US, born abroad to US citizens, or have gone through the naturalization process is considered a citizen of the US.
b. Citizen can be lost by:
1. Committing certain crimes such as treason.
2. Pledges an oath to another country.
3. Serves in the military of a country that is at war with the US
4. individual renouncing citizenship
How does the Supreme Court provide equal protection under the law.
Amendments to the constitution have granted citizenship and voting rights to all Americans. The Supreme Court evaluates various laws and court decisions to determine if they properly represent the idea of equal protection.
Development of political parties in the US.
a. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans - formed in the late 1700s and agreed on balance of power between state and national government. b. Democrats and Whigs - developed before the Civil War, based on disagreements over issues such as slavery.
c. Democrats and Republicans - developed after the Civil War, centering on treatment of the post-war South.
Four main political orientations.
a. Liberal - gov should work to increase equality even at the expense of some freedoms. Gov should assist those in need, and focus on enforced social justice and free education for everyone.
b. Conservative - gov should be limited, and allow citizens to solve their own problems before gov intervention. Business should not be overregulated allowing a free market.
c. Moderate - incorporates some liberal and some conservative ideas.
d. Libertarian - gov should be limited to protecting life and liberty of citizens.
How does the constitution address the rights of the accused.
The fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendment addresses the rights:
- Fourth - no unreasonable searches or seizures 2. Fifth - no self-incrimination or double jeopardy
- Sixth - Right to trial by jury and legal counsel
- Eighth - no cruel or unusual punishment
How do political parties affect the functioning of government.
a. Single party - the government reflects the views of that party
b. Two party - two parties with different viewpoints compete for power and influence.
c. Multi-party - various parties come together to form a majority and shift the balance of power.
How has the government restricted the First Amendment rights.
a. Freedom of Religion - when religion uses activities that are illegal the government restricts them, such as polygamy, animal sacrifice or drug use.
b. Freedom of Speech - restricted if it endangers others, such as yelling fire in a crowded theater.
c. Freedom of the Press - prevents the press from publishing falsehoods.
How has the voting process changed over the years.
First election was held with a public ballot, which facilitated intimidation or influence by groups over individuals. New practices involved pre-registering voters and use of a secret ballot. Introduction of the voting machine in 1892 further privatized voting, however today even the use of high tech electronic means still doesn’t dispel the debate about accuracy of voting results.
How does federalism affect policy making.
a. Federalism affects policy:
1. Determines whether local, state, or national gov originates policy
2. Affects how policies are made
3. Ensures policy making functions under a set of limitations b. Federalism affects balance of power:
1. Makes it difficult if not impossible for a single party to seize power
2. Ensures individuals can participate in political process at all levels
3. Makes it possible that individuals working in the system can affect policy at some level
What is suffrage and franchise, and how voting rights have changed.
a. Both refer to the right to vote.
b. Progression of voting rights:
1. Initially only white male landowners
2. By 19th century, most states franchised, allowing all white men to vote
3. 15th Amendment of 1870 granted slaves suffrage
4. 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
5. 26th Amendment gave voting right to all citizens over 18
What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights.
a. Civil liberties - role of the state in providing equal rights and opportunities to individuals in that state.
b. Civil rights - define the limitations of state rights, describing those rights that belong to the individual that cant be infringed on by the gov.
Political Science.
a. The study of different governments, how they compare, interact, political theory, structure and function. Also how gov are administrated, elections are exercised, and how values such as freedom, power, justice and equality are expressed.
b. Political science also encompasses other disciplines:
1. History - how it shaped political thought and process
2. Sociology - social development and its effect on gov and politics
3. Anthropology - effects of gov process on the culture
4. Economics - how gov policies regulate distro of products and influence the economy
Four major purposes of any government.
a. Ensure national security
b. Provide public services
c. Ensure social order - settles conflicts among its citizens and makes laws
d. Economic decisions - form economic policy domestically as well as international trade. Also has the ability to control distribution of wealth and goods.
Four theories regarding the origin of the state.
a. Evolutionary - evolved from family model with head of state as patriarch
b. Force - one person or group brought everyone under their control
c. Divine right - people were chosen by a prevailing deity to be rulers
d. Social contract - no natural order. People allow themselves to be governed to maintain social order. If the state doesn’t protect the people, the people have a right to change the leaders.
Sovereignty.
State sovereignty is the geographical division of areas into areas controlled by various governments. These groups or governments not only control the land, but the natural resources and the inhabitants. The entire planet is divided into politically or administratively sovereign areas.
Biodiversity.
Biodiversity refers to various habitats on the planet and the organisms that exist there. Greater biodiversity makes it more likely that a habitat and its inhabitants will flourish. Climate change, human intervention, and other factors can reduce biodiversity and cause the extinction of some species.
Alliance.
a. An alliance is formed among countries with similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues.
b. There are six existing alliances:
1. NATO
2. Common Market
3. EU
4. Caribbean Community
5. UN
6. Council of Arab Economic Unity
c. Large companies and MNCs can also create alliances to control resources.
How did the agricultural revolution change society.
The agricultural revolution started 6,000 years ago with the advent of the plow in Mesopotamia. A plow drawn by animals made large scale farming possible and replaced hunting-gathering and planting by hand. Communities formed around arable land, which started the formation of societies. Societies became dependent on a few crops and were subject to weather vagaries. Trading livestock and agri surplus led to the growth of commerce and trading/trade routes.
How do humans modify their surroundings for their own needs.
a. Clearing ground for crops.
b. Redirecting waterways for irrigation.
c. Building permanent settlements.
d. Side effects of pollution, erosion, and waste can damage the environment.
e. Many countries are trying to lessen the impact of humans by passing environmental policy.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to various habitats on the planet and the organisms that exist there. Greater biodiversity makes it more likely that a habitat and its inhabitants will flourish. Climate change, human intervention, and other factors can reduce biodiversity and cause the extinction of some species.
Alliance
An alliance is formed among countries with similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues. There are six existing alliances: 1. NATO 2. Common Market 3. EU 4. Caribbean Community 5. UN 6. Council of Arab Economic Unity c. Large companies and MNCs can also create alliances to control resources.
How did the agricultural revolution change society
The agricultural revolution started 6,000 years ago with the advent of the plow in Mesopotamia. A plow drawn by animals made large scale farming possible and replaced hunting-gathering and planting by hand. Communities formed around arable land, which started the formation of societies. Societies became dependent on a few crops and were subject to weather vagaries. Trading livestock and agri surplus led to the growth of commerce and trading/trade routes.
How do humans modify their surroundings for their own needs
a. Clearing ground for crops.
b. Redirecting waterways for irrigation.
c. Building permanent settlements.
d. Side effects of pollution, erosion, and waste can damage the environment.
e. Many countries are trying to lessen the impact of humans by passing environmental policy.
Ecology
a. The study of the way living creatures interact with their environment. Biogeography is the way that physical features of the earth affect creatures.
b. Ecology bases its studies on three levels of the environment:
1. Ecosystem - a physical environment and all the organisms that live there
2. Biomes - a group of ecosystems with similar flora, fauna, climate and soil
3. Habitat - an area where a specific species lives. It includes the necessary soil, water, and resources for that species.
Three different interactions that occur between species in the same habitat
a. Competition - when species compete for resources
b. Predation - when one species depends on another as a food source
c. Symbiosis - when two species exist in the same habitat without affecting each other or even developing beneficial relationships
What human systems determine the cultural makeup of South Asia
a. Rural versus urban life.
b. Religions, including both Hinduism and Buddhism.
c. Poor government and social systems.
d. Large agricultural base.
e. Prosperity is being found in the high tech industries.
What is the geography and climate of Latin America
a. Geography consists of mountains, plains, and high altitude plateaus.
b. Numerous natural resources untapped due to political issues, geographic barriers, and lack of sufficient economic power.
c. Climate zones in LA are largely tropical, with rainforests and savannahs.
What is the geography and climate of East Asia
a. Mineral resources are plentiful but not evenly distributed.
b. Coastlines are long, with a large population, but sparse farmlands, making oceans a major source of sustenance.
c. Large area that encompasses several climate regions. Ocean currents provide milder climates, while monsoons provide the majority of rainfall. Typhoons are common, as are earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.
How does human interaction and conflict affect geographical boundaries.
a. The interaction of human societies have led to divisions of territories into countries and other subdivisions. While they are artificial, they are important to the discussion of interactions of populations.
b. Geographical divisions occur through conflict. The reasons for conflict:
1. Control of resources
2. Control of trade routes
3. Control of populations
c. Conflict can also occur due to religious, political, race or language differences.
What human systems shape and influence culture in Southern Africa.
a. Inhabitants are unevenly distributed due to geographical limitations
b. AIDS has become a major plague due to beliefs that prevent education about the disease, as well as extreme poverty and unsettled political situations that make it impossible to manage the pandemic.
c. Diverse population due to extensive migration.
d. Many still rely on subsistence farming.
e. Starvation and poverty are rampant due to drought and political instability
f. Industrialization is starting in areas with greater resources
Geography and Climate of North America.
a. Mountain ranges, fertile plains, lakes and waterways.
b. Climate consists of four seasons in median areas, tropical climates in the south, and arctic climates in the north.
c. Human intervention has greatly influenced the productivity of agriculture
Geography and Climate of South Asia.
a. The longest alluvial plain (plain caused by shifting floodplains of rivers)
b. Three major river systems
c. Large deposits of minerals including iron ore
d. Geography consists of mountains, plains, plateaus, and islands
e. Climate ranges from tropical to highlands to desert areas. f. Monsoon winds cause long rainy seasons
Define erosion, weathering, transportation and deposition.
a. Erosion - movement of loose material (soil, sand, or rock)
1. Caused by wind, water, ice, plant cover, or human factors
2. Mechanical erosion is caused by natural forces.
3. Chemical erosion is caused by human intervention or activities
b. Weathering - when atmospheric elements affect the earths surface
c. Transportation - loose material being moved by wind, water, or ice
d. Deposition - the result of the transportation
Human systems that have shaped North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia
a. Largely desert climate forcing most populations to develop around water sources
b. Most areas were parceled out as European colonies after thousands of years of being huge independent civilizations
c. The 20th century saw many of these countries gain their independence
d. Islam served as the unifying force in many of these areas e. Agriculture is the big business, but the most valuable resource is oil
f. Centuries of conflict has led to political instability, which contribute to the environmental issues
Human-environment Interaction
Geography studies the way people interact, use, and change their environment. This study can help determine the best course of action when a nation or group wants to change their environment. Study of consequences can help determine if these actions are manageable and if negative results can be mitigated.
Geography and Climate of Southern Africa
a. High elevations south of the Sahara make it difficult for travel or settlement.
b. The area is dominated by a series of plateaus, but also mountains and a large rift valley in the east.
c. Lakes, rivers, and waterfalls contrast the desert, and tropical climates, including rain forests exist, as do savannahs and steppes.
d. Main natural resources are minerals (gems) and water.
Three types of plate boundaries
a. Convergent - plates move toward one another. 1. When they collide, they can form mountains.
2. When one goes under another, this can lead to volcanic activity (subduction)
b. Divergent - plates move away from one another. The movements leads to rifts.
c. Transform - plates slide in opposite directions against each other, leading to earthquakes.
Human systems that have shaped Russia
a. Conflicts led to the formation of the Communist state.
b. With collapse in 1991 of the USSR, it has struggled to transition to a market economy
c. Attempts to build a workable system have destroyed natural resources, and resulted in nuclear issues such as Chernobyl.
d. Needs to improve transportation and communication systems
e. Population is not evenly distributed, with 75% living west of the Ural Mountains.
f. Russia encompasses over a hundred different ethnic groups.
Human systems that have developed the culture of Australia, Oceana, and Antarctica
a. South Pacific cultures migrated from SE Asia, creating hunter-gatherer or settled agriculture settlements.
b. European communities came later, seeking natural resources.
c. Some islands remain under the control of foreign governments.
d. The culture of these islands remain a mix of modern, industrialized, and indigenous culture. 42/70
e. Population is unevenly distributed due to the deserts of Australia.
Geography and Climate of North Africa, SW and Central Asia
a. Complex area consisting of seas, peninsulas, rivers and mountains.
b. Earthquakes are common.
c. Much of the worlds oil lies in this region.
d. The tendency of large rivers in N. Africa to follow a set pattern led people to settle there from prehistoric times. Technology has allowed people to tame the river, making it more predictable and the land more productive.
e. The arid nature of this area has led to human intervention such as irrigation to increase agricultural production.
Human systems that influenced Europe
a. Wide variety of cultures, ethnic groups, resources, geographical features and climates, have all influenced the distribution of the varied population.
b. It is industrialized and developed, with cultural differences giving each country its own characteristics.
c. Greek, Roman, and Christian beliefs played a major role in shaping Europe.
d. European countries spread their systems of belief throughout the world through migration and colonization, and have had major influence on every other continent in the world.
e. Western Europe is democratic, while Eastern Europe functioned under communism for many years.
f. The formation of the EU has increased stability and diplomatic relations among European nations.
g. Europe is now focusing on environmental issues.
Geography and Climate of Europe
a. East and south are mountain ranges, while the north is primarily plains.
b. The coastline and island nature mean the climate is often warmer than other lands in similar latitudes.
c. Many areas have a moderate climate, while the south is dominated by the Mediterranean climate.
d. Europe has high levels of natural resources.
e. Waterways connect the inner regions to the coast.
f. Much of Europe is industrialized, and agriculture has existed for thousands of years.
Human systems that have influence SE Asia
a. Colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th century.
b. Heavily influenced by Buddhist and Muslim religions.
c. Industrialization is growing, with large populations moving from rural to urban areas
d. Natural disasters are common, to include volcanoes, typhoons, and flash flooding, causing extensive damage and cultural disruption.
Geography and Climate of Russia
a. Russia is the largest country in the world, encompassing plains, plateaus, mountains and tundra.
b. Russia has a harsh climate, with frozen rivers making transportation of mineral resources difficult.
c. Siberia is dominated by permafrost, with the people who reside there still living a huntinggathering existence.
d. Other areas include taiga with dense woods in the north central, and temperate steppes and grasslands in the southwest.
Geography and climate of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
a. Australia is the only island on earth that is also a continent.
b. Australia has extensive deserts, lowlands, and mountains.
c. The economy is driven by agriculture
d. Steppes are arid and suitable for livestock, only the coastal areas produce enough rain for crops without using irrigation.
e. Oceania refers to thousands of Pacific islands formed by volcanic activity.
f. Most islands have tropical climates with wet and dry seasons.
g. New Zealand has rich forests and mountain ranges with moderate temps, including rainfall throughout the year.
h. Antarctica is covered with ice. Its resource is scientific information. It supports some wildlife and little vegetation.
The human systems that shaped Latin America
a. The majority of countries in LA speak Spanish or Portuguese.
b. LA shares a common history, having been dominated by native cultures before being conquered by European countries.
c. Wide disparity between various countries economic and political factors.
d. Most LA countries rely on one or two exports, primarily agriculture which is often controlled by rich families.
e. Most LA societies feature major separations between classes.
f. Challenges faced include geographical limitations, economic issues, sustainable development, and preserving the existing rain forest.
The human systems that shaped the culture of East Asia
a. Governments vary, ranging from democratic to communist.
b. Isolationism limited the countries contact with other nations.
c. The population consists of 1.5 billion people unevenly distributed with widely diverse ethnic backgrounds, religions, and languages.
d. More residents live in urban areas than rural, creating a shortfall in farming and agriculture.
e. Japan is the most industrialized country.
f. Some countries are suffering from major environmental issues.
g. Japan has some of the strictest environmental laws in the world.
Geography and climate of SE Asia
a. Lies predominantly on the equator, with half being island nations.
b. The islands feature mountains that considered part of the ring of fire.
c. SE Asia boasts many rivers as well as abundant natural resources, including gems, fossil fuels, and minerals.
d. There are two seasons: wet and dry. The wet season arrives with monsoons.
e. SE Asia is primarily a tropical rainforest climate and tropical savannahs
Describe climates as they are divided according to latitude
a. Low latitude, from 0 to 23.5 degrees
Desert - hot, dry climate, sparse rainfall, 50+ degree temp flux
Savannah - experience dry winters and wet summers.
Rainforest - experience high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall
b. Middle latitude, from 23.5 to 66.5
c. High latitude, from 66.5 to the poles
Human systems that form the basis of culture in North America
a. Formed from groups of native races and a large number of immigrants.
b. Functioned for a period under British rule.
c. US broke from Britain through violence, while Canada did through diplomacy.
d. Agriculture is important, and technology and service industries play a large part in the economy.
e. Supports a high standard of living and development, and supports trade throughout the world.
What is the difference between weather and climate
a. Weather and climate are physical systems that affect geography.
b. Weather involves daily conditions in the atmosphere temperature, et al. It is short term.
c. Climate is seasonal weather conditions measured over a long period of time. Accounts for average monthly and yearly temps and precipitation.
Human systems that geographers incorporate into study of the earth
a. Human systems affect geography in the way they settle, form groups that grow into habitations, and create permanent changes in the landscape.
b. Track peoples movement, and how they
c. Migration, war, forced relocation, and trade spread cultural ideas, language, goods and other practices.
d. Can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control resources.
