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geo questions - 3 > content - energy > Flashcards

content - energy Flashcards

1
Q

renewable energy

A
  • won’t run out = reused
  • FLOWS of solar, wind, HEP
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2
Q

non-renewable energy

A
  • finite stocks = will run out
  • fossil fuel coal, oil and gas
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3
Q

How mining and drilling can have environmental impacts

A
  • landscape scarring
  • oil spills
  • carbon emissions
  • removal of forests
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4
Q

landscape impacts of renewable energy

A
  • HEP flooding
  • land use for wind turbines
  • solar panels
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5
Q

recyclable energy

A
  • wastes can be used again
  • nuclear, biofuels
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6
Q

How access to energy resources is affected by access to technology and physical resources;

A
  • some countries wealthy because go large reserves of fossil fuels
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7
Q

geology

A
  • fossil fuels found in SEDIMENTARY ROCKS eg. Saudi Arabia
  • countries located on plate boundaries eg, ICELAND = access to geothermal energy = volcanic activity creates heat stored in magma
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8
Q

accessibility

A
  • economic development of a region can influence its ability to invest ion new technologies and renewable
  • eg. sub saharan africa = large reserves of oil + potential for renewable investment = lacks funds
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9
Q

climate + landscape influences

A
  • regions with high rainfall + sustainable relief = good locations for HEP = large volumes of water are needed + steep-sided valleys = eg THREE GORGES DAM CHINA
  • climactic conditions = exposed areas = high winds = one reason for the UKs largest offshore wind farm in North Sea
  • longer hours + more intense sunlight = solar energy
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10
Q

The global pattern of energy use per capita

A
  • increased
  • population growth + rising income per person= increased demand
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11
Q

the causes of variations in energy use

A
  • *- levels of economic development** = developed countries have higher demands + are able to invest in more tech = increasing national + individual consumption // by contrast rising affluence + tech = more renewable
  • *- reliance of traditional fuel sources** = in rural areas many developing countries traditional bionass fuels for domestic use are the main energy use
  • *- demand from different economic sectors** = industrialisation
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12
Q

How oil reserves and production are unevenly distributed

A
  • Middle East = largest reserves
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13
Q

why oil consumption is growing

A
  • rising per capita GDP
  • rapid industrialisation in emerging economies
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14
Q

How oil supply and oil prices are affected by changing international relations

A
  • conflicts = increase = cease trading
  • diplomatic relations
  • short term spikes = disruptions in supply eg. Gulf of Mexico 2010 oil spill
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15
Q

How oil supply and oil prices are affected by economic factors

A
  • periods of recession versus boom = 2008
  • over or under supply
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16
Q

Economic benefits and costs of developing new conventional oil and gas sources in ecologically-sensitive and isolated areas.

A

benefits

  • meets demand and pressure for growing energy need
  • economic benefits such as creates jobs and income

costs

  • land cleared + new infrastructure = disrupts ecosystems
  • offshore oil has impact on marine life
  • air pollution
17
Q

Environmental costs of developing new unconventional oil and gas sources (tar sands, shale gas) in ecologically-sensitive and isolated areas.

A
  • pollute groundwater and drinking water
  • land cleared
  • destroy habitats
  • liquid waste with harmful chemicals
18
Q

The role of energy efficiency and energy conservation (in transport and the home) in reducing demand, helping finite energy supplies last longer and reducing carbon emissions

A
19
Q

tar sands

A
  • the extraction of petroleum from sands involving high levels of energy + boiling water

advantages

  • 2.4 mill barrels of oil a day = profitable
  • local economies can benefit = more jobs

disadvantages

  • 12 barrels of hot water just to produce 1 barrel of bitumen
  • waste chemicals left in tailing ponds = poisonous
  • remove the top layer of vegetation to access = destroying habitats
20
Q

shale gas

A

Extracted through fracking, Shale Gas has received major environmental opposition. However, it provides 25% of the US’s energy needs in 2015. Fracking is a relatively new process of extracting Shale gas. Water, chemicals and sand are pumped into the ground to break up the shale, access the hydrocarbons and force them to the surface. Horizontal drilling helps to remove the gas reserves. There are benefits and costs of fracking:

Advantages
Shale gas produces half the emissions of coal, which would reduce global emissions without completely eradicating fossil fuel use. The majority of shale gas is found in the US, which would improve the US’s economy,

Fracking faces large environmental opposition, especially as fracking can trigger minor tremors. Shale gas is still more expensive to produce than conventional gas. Earthquakes
of low magnitude may occur, though they are not usually
strong enough to pose a risk to humans. They may damage fracking infrastructure, causing further leakages

21
Q

Costs and benefits of alternatives to fossil fuels

A
  • biofuels
  • wind
  • solar
  • HEP
22
Q

biofuels

A

costs

  • large quantities of water needed
  • increase in deforestation

benefits

  • burning of biofuels produces less carbon emissions compare to fossil fuels
  • growing demand = become cheaper in future
  • can be manufactured from crop waste + manure = reusing materials that would otherwise be wasted
23
Q

wind

A

costs

  • many local residents find wind turbines spot their view
  • offshore wind farms = expensive transmission lines to use the power produced
  • cause four bird deaths per turbine a year

benefits

  • doesn’t pollute
  • cheap
24
Q

solar

A

costs

  • take up land that could be used for growing crops

benefits

  • creating new jobs
  • requires little maintanecy once installed
  • no noise
25
Q

HEP

A

costs

  • expensive
  • spoil natural landscapes
  • displacement of local villages

benefits

  • reliable + consistent source of energy
26
Q

future technologies (hydrogen) aimed at reducing carbon footprints, improving energy security and diversifying the energy mix.

A
  • hydrogen
27
Q

How different groups have contrasting views about energy futures (business as usual versus sustainable).

A
  • Consumers
  • TNCs
  • Governments
  • climate scientists
  • environmental groups
28
Q

How, in some developed countries, rising affluence, environmental concerns and education are changing attitudes to unsustainable energy consumption and reducing carbon footprints.

A
29
Q

environmental impact of fossil fuels

A
  • local = landscapes scarred by mining + drilling // oil leaks // deforestation // flooding // health impacts from subsistence from mines
  • regional = air pollution in cities //. acid rain
30
Q

Fracking

A

Fracking involves pushing high-pressure liquids underground, which causes the shale rocks to
crack and the natural gas to escape. There are many protests against fracking, because
Fracking is an energy-intensive process, since pressurising the liquids requires a lot of
energy. Therefore fracking is expensive and the price of natural gas may increase to make
up for the expenses.
There is a risk of earthquakes due to fracking, as the shale rocks crack underground. If
these earthquakes are strong enough, structural damage to buildings on the surface could
occur. However, up till now, the UK has only experienced up to 2.0 magnitude earthquakes
due to fracking (not high enough to cause damage).
There is also a risk that the pressurised liquids infiltrate and pollute underground water
sources. The liquids forced underground can be mixed with chemicals and salt, to increase
the probability that the shale rock cracks.

31
Q

hydrogen

A

future == costs higher then benefits

costs

  • energy is needed to release hydrogen gas from water
  • difficult to store hydrogen safely under pressure

benefits

  • no greenhouse gases
  • efficient
31
Q

hydrogen

A

future == costs higher then benefits

costs

  • energy is needed to release hydrogen gas from water
  • difficult to store hydrogen safely under pressure

benefits

  • no greenhouse gases
  • efficient

geo questions - 3 (5 decks)

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