Content Area 2 Flashcards
White Temple and its ziggurat. Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 3500-3000 BCE. Mud brick.
Form:
- mud brick
-collosal scale
-built to resemble mountain
Content:
- sloping walls, bent access (ramp up to enter the altar), 3 entrances
-mosaic surface
Function:
- temple that is a meeting place for humans and gods in the center of the city
-votive figures and dedicated to Anu the sky god
-top temple was only for royals or clergy to enter
Context:
- Uruk; Modern day Warka, Iraq
-Sumerian
- 3500-3000 BCE
Palette of King Narmer. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000-2920 BCE. Greywacke.
Form: -greywacke -organized in registers -hierarchic scale -low relief, twisted perspective Content: -Front: Narmer (on large scale) looking on the beheaded bodies of his enemies wearing crown of lower Egypt, harnessed lionesses (symbol of unification), bull knowcking down a city fortress (Narmer knocking over enemies) -Back: Hawk=Horus, Narmer wearing bowling pin crown (symbol of unification), stands barefoot (he is a divine king), palette for eye makeup, hieroglyphics Function: -represents the unification of Egypt and country's growth as a powerful nation Context: -found in temple of Horus -Old Kingdom of Egypt -3000 BCE
Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and limestone.
Form: - bilateral symmetry - eyes exaggeration (beholding the divine) -gypsum and black limestone Content: -the hands are placed in prayful gesture - elite male and female figures Function: -placed in ziggurat to resemble the people that aren't allowed to be in the ziggurats Context; - found in the Square Temple of Eshunna (modern day Tell Asmur, Iraq) -2700 BCE
Seated scribe. Saqqara, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2620-2500 BCE. Painted limestone.
Form: -painted limestone -crystal limestone eyes Content: -royal scribe -depicted with sagging body (realistic not ideal), thin face -holding tools to show he is ready to write Function: -shows that the scribe is important but not perfect like a pharoah -made for tomb at Saqqara for the ka Context: -Saqqara, Egypt 2500 BCE -found near tomb (funerary object)
Standard of Ur from the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2600-2400 BCE. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone.
Form:
- wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and black limestone
-mosaic
-hierarchic scale to show who was more important in society
-front shoulds, body in profile
Content:
-2 sides: war side and peace side
-war side: shows Sumerian king on larger scale descending from his chariot to inspect captives, lower register shows him riding over dead bodies in his chariot
-peace side: food brought to a banquet, ruler wears a kilt of wool (larger scale)
Function:
- shows the different classes of people
-democratic leadership
Context:
- found in the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern day Iraq)
- 2600-2400 BCE Sumerian
Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx. Giza, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2550-2490 BCE. Cut limestone.
Form:
-square base with 4 sloped sides (represents rays of sun)
-polished limestone
Content:
-pyramids with adjoining funerary complex; get to these through secret passageways
-Great Sphinx: human head with lion head
-descending order on West side of Nile
Function:
-maintain and protect tombs for eternity
-Great Sphinx: protecter the pyramids behind it
Context:
-built by Khufu, Khafre, and Menkuare (each temple name after)
-Khufu temple (oldest and largest)
-Old Kingdom- 2500BCE
-Giza, Egypt
King Menkaura and queen. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2490-2472 BCE Greywacke
Form: -greywacke -under life-size -symmetrical -Egyptian style: one foot in front of the other Content: -king and queen same height, idealized figures -pharaoh crown -wife gives simple affectionate gesture Function: -temple sculpture -symbolize his power and kingship Context: -Old Kingdom 2500 BCE
The Code of Hammurabi. Babylon (modern Iran). Susian. c. 1792-1750 BCE. Basalt.
Form:
-black-stone stele with words carved in it
-basalt
-frontal shoulders, everything else profile
Content:
-divine law code carved in stone
-sun god, Shamash, giving laws to Hammurabi to be king
-god is bigger (hierarchic scale)
Function:
-tells us where the laws came from
-exercises justice and divine authority to carry out the law
Context:
- Babylon (modern day Iran)
-Susian (1760-1750 BCE)
Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall. Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th and 19th Dynasties. Temple: c. 1550 BCE; hall: c. 1250 BCE. Cut sandstone and mud brick.
Form: -cut sandstone and mud brick -hypostyle hall -symmetrical plan, axial plan -open ceilings -colossal columns with sunken relief Content: -134 sandstone columns -inscriptions/images of kings and gods on walls and columns -gates (suggesting old world to new world) Function: -used for festivities and prayer -only priests and pharoahs allowed Context: -Karnak, near Luxor -New Kingdom 1250 BCE -East side of the Nile
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1473-1458 BCE. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite.
Form: -sandstone -red granite statue -built into rock cliff Function: -mortuary temple for Hatsheput but she wasn't buried there -statue shows her power in male ways (beard and kneeling is priest-like gesture Content: -statue of Hatsheput kneeling: offering plants to Amen, the sun god -ascent up to temple -chapels and shrines dedicated to her -hypostyle hall Context: -site specific -across from Amun temple
Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters. New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty. c. 1353-1335 BCE. Limestone.
Form:
-sunken relief piece, limestone, hieroglyphics
Content:
-couple receiving blessing from Aten (the sun god-rays shown)
-show husband and wife seated with their children
-rays shining upon the family showing their divinity
Function:
-shows intimacy of the family
-conveys realistic fidgetiness of children
-state religious shift in evolving Egyptian art
Context:
-New Kingdom (Amarna) 1350 BCE
Tutankhamun’s tomb, innermost coffin. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1323 BCE. Gold inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones.
Form: -gold -inlay with stones and enamel Content: -crook and flail- symbols of Osiris -cobra and vulture coming from headpiece- gods of Upper and Lower Egypt -Son of Akhenaton Function: -sarcophagus (body inside) -materials used represent the royal wealth (143 objects buried with him) Context: - New Kingdom 1325 BCE
Last judgement of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb (page from the Book of the Dead). New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty. c. 1275 BCE. Painted papyrus scroll.
Form: -painted papyrus scroll -continuous narrative Content: -Hu-Nefer being lead to final judgement -heart weighed on scale against Osiris (test to see if has a heavy heart) -sin must weigh less than feather -Hu-Nefer is accepted into afterlife Function: -guide people to the afterlife and make journey from life to death Context: -New Kingdom 1275 BCE -found in Hu-Nefer's tomb -from the Book of the Dead
Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq). Neo-Assyrian. c. 720-705 BCE. Alabaster.
Form: - alabaster -limestone Content: -god-like figures -animal body, human head -5 legs Function; -support doorways of Assyrian palaces -intimidate those who enter Context: - from the citadel of Sargon II (modern day Iraq) - 720-705 BCE -Sumerian
Athenian agora. Archaic through Hellenistic Greek. 600 BCE-150 CE. Plan.
Form: -long buildings (stoa) -covered places- public markets -at foot of Acropolis, road that leads up Function: -marketplace/meeting area -temple (pay tribute to Athena) Content: -participated with government -democracy- didn't vote representatives but instead participated directly Context: -600-150 BCE -Athens, Greece