content Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Design Solution def
A
Where a product or system fulfils a need or want
2
Q
Issues to consider before designing [6]
A
- Social, Moral, Cultural issues
- Economic issues
- Are wasteful products created
- Is energy waste created
- Impact on the nature and the environment
- What technology is available
3
Q
Primary User def
A
The main user of the product or system
4
Q
Stakeholder def
A
A user, person, group or organisation that has interest in the product or system
5
Q
Social factors def
A
Lifestyle factors that affect people within our society
6
Q
Cultural factors def
A
The beliefs, moral values, traditions, language, laws and behaviour that are common to a group of people
7
Q
Moral factors def
A
A moral issue if related to human behaviour; it is the distinction between good and bad, or right and wrong, behaviour, according to our conscienvce
8
Q
Economic factors def
A
How the making, using and disposing of products and services can have an impact on the industry and trade of a country
9
Q
Inclusive design def
A
The design or mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible without the need for special adaptation or specialised design
10
Q
Usability def
A
How easy a product is to use, how clear
and obvious the functions are
11
Q
Ergonomics def
A
The study of how we use and interact with a product or system
12
Q
Anthropometrics def
A
The study of the sizes of the human body
13
Q
Aesthetics def
A
Factors concerned with the visual appeal of a product
14
Q
The influence of fashion, tends, taste and/or style
A
- Designers are influenced by new trends and forecasts predicting future trends
- Technology has a large influence of 21st century design
- Increased concern about environmental and ethical issues influences trends
15
Q
Ethical def
A
Correct, good or honourable
16
Q
Marketing def
A
The business of promoting and selling a product; it can include advertising and promotion and market research
17
Q
Throwaway society def
A
A society influenced by consumerism and excessive consumption of products
18
Q
Lifecycle assessment def
A
The analysis of the impact of a product on the environment throughout the manufacturing, use and disposal of that product
19
Q
Lifecycle assessment points [7]
A
- Extraction
- Transport
- Processing
- Manufacturing
- Packaging
- Use
- Disposal
20
Q
6 R’s
A
- Rethink: Is there a better way of doing the task
- Reuse: Which parts of the product can be used again
- Recycle: How east is it to reprocess the materials
- Repair: How easy is it to replace the parts
- Reduce: Do we need to use as much material
- Refuse: Is the product really necessary
21
Q
Examples of ethical decisions
A
- New products put pressure to buy new ones, increase waste
- Mining of materials can cause political and environmental problems
22
Q
Planned obsolescence def [3]
A
- Deliberately making a product out of date by stopping its supply of service or support by introducing a new version or model
- Can be good to ensure safety, efficiency
- Results in waste
23
Q
Compatibility def def
A
How a product fits or works with other products
24
Q
New and emerging technologies eg [4]
A
- Artificial intelligence /ML
- Biometrics
- Virtual reality
- Drones
25
Circular economy def
A model in which resources are kept in use for as long a s possible and the minimum value is extracted from them during and after their useful life
26
Non renewable resources def
Resources that are finite and can not be replenished
27
Renewable resources
Resources that are not finite and can be replenished
28
Fair trade def
Establishing better prices, working conditions and terms of trade for farmers and workers
29
Sources of information [6]
- Questionares
- Interviewing focus groups
- Carrying our surveys
- Collecting secondary data
- Observation
- Product analysis
30
User centred design def
Aims to make products and systems usable by focussing on the user interface and how the user interacts with and relates to the product
31
UCD features [2]
- Driven and refined by user evaluation and feedback
- Iterative process and includes using focus groups, usability testing, participatory design, interviews and questioners to gather data
32
Systems thinking def
The understanding of a product or component as part of a larger system of other products and systems
33
GSM
Grams per square meter, used to classify weights of paper and card
34
Micron
One thousandth of a mm, used to classify the thickness of paper and card
35
Hardwoods [4]
- Come from deciduous trees that shed their leaves each year
- Trees are slow growing and take hundreds of years to grow fully
- Trees have thick trunks with branches at the top
- Hardwoods have a close grain and tend to be denser, harder and heavier than softwoods
36
Softwoods [5]
- Come from coniferous or evergreen trees that have needles instead of leaves
- Trees keep their needles all year round
- Trees grow much faster than hardwood trees
- Trees grow straight with lots of branches all the way up the trunk
- Softwood has more knots than hardwood
37
Hardwood examples [4]
- Oak
- Mahogany
- Teak
- Beech
38
Softwood examples [4]
- Scots pine
- Spruce
- Cedar
- Parana pine
39
Manufactured board examples
- MDF
- Plywood
- Chipboard
- Blockboard
40
Ferrous metals [3]
- Contain iron
- Are magnetic
- Corrode quickly if not treated with a finish
41
Non ferrous metals [3]
- Do not contain iron
- More corrosion resistant ferrous metals
- Generally more expensive
42
Alloys [4]
- Metals mixed or combined with other metals or substances
- Specific properties derived from metals they are made of
- ratios of materials may differ
- Generally cheaper than non-ferrous metals
43
Ferrous metals examples [4]
- Mild Steel
- Carbon steel
- Cast iron
- Wrought Iron
44
Non ferrous metals examples [4]
- ALuminium
- Copper
- Tin
- Zinc
45
Alloys examples [4]
- Brass
- Pewter
- Duralumin
- Bronze
46
Thermo polymers [3]
- Soften when they are heated and hard when they are cooled
- Can be recycled as they can be reheated many times
- When heated, will return to their original shape, this is called plastic memory
47
thermosetting polymers [2]
- Undergo a chemical change when they are set
- Can not be reheated or remoulded
48
Natural fibres [2]
- Derived from animals and plants
- eg. Cotton, Wool, Silk
49
Synthetic fibres [5]
- Man made
- Made from Coal, Oil, Minerals and petrochemicals
- eg. Polyester, Acrylic, Nylon
- Non-biodegradable and thus not sustainable
- Manufactured to have beneficial properties, eg flame resistance
50
Mixed/Blended fabrics [3]
- Different fibres mixed together
- eg. Elastic and cotton yarn
- Fibres blended together before being spun into yarn
51
Woven fabrics [3]
- Wrap and weft yarns woven together to create fabric
- Wrap runs vertically
- Weft yarns are woven horizontally over and under wrap yarns
52
Non woven fabrics [1]
Non woven fabrics are either bonded or felted together
53
Knitted fabrics [2]
- Yarns are looped together inroads of interlocking loops
- Loose and flexible
54
Material properties: Strength
The ability for a material to withstand forces that try to bend or break it
55
Material properties: Hardness
How resistant it is to pressure from cutting, scratching or wear
56
Material properties: Durability
The ability of a material to withstand wear, pressure or damage
57
Material properties: Strength to weight ratio
A measure of the materials strength compared to it weight
58
Material properties: Stiffness
Ability to resist being deformed when a force is applied to it
59
Material properties: Elasticity
The ability of a material to return to its initial shape after he forces applied to it are removed
60
Material properties: Impact resistance
The ability of a material to withstand force or shock
61
Material properties: Corrosive resistance
How susceptible materials are to degradation from oxygen, moisture and other chemicals
62
Material properties: Flammability
The ability of a substance to burn or ignite
63
Material properties: Absorbency
The ability of a material to absorb moisture
64
Material properties: Thermal conductivity
The ability of a material to transfer heat through it
65
Material properties: Electrical conductivity
How easily electricity can flow through material
66
Material properties: Magnetic properties
A material with magnetic properties will emit forces which attract or repulse other materials
67
Types of motion [4]
- Rotary
- Linear
- Oscillating (semicircular)
- Reciprocating (back and forth)
68
Stages in an electronic system
Input, Process, Output
69
Input eg [7]
Temp
Pressure
Light
Weight
Sound
Movement
Magnetic field
70
Input devices eg [6]
Push buttons and switches
Movement sensors
IR sensors
Magnetic field sensors
Temperature sensors
Light sensors
71
Types of switches [5]
Push Switches
Rocker switches
Toggle switches
Slider Switches
Micro Switches
72
Types of output [3]
Light
Sound
Motor
73
Output devices [3]
Light bulbs, lamps, LEDs
Speakers and buzzers
Motors
74
Microcontroller def
A programmable electronic component
75
Program def
A set of instructions loaded onto a microcontroller
76
Advantages of Microcontrollers [6]
Large memory
Low maintainance
Low power consumption
Cost effective
Wide range available
Small
77
Disadvantages of microcontrollers [2]
- Can only carry out a specific task
- Program can not be changed once embedded
78
Autonomous def
Acting alone
79
IoT
The connection of everyday devices to the internet, allowing them to send and receive data
80
Ways of increasing inclusivity [4]
- Symbols
- Clear visuals
- Easy to understand
- Function
81
Sustainable design practices [6]
- Sustainable materials
- Less energy intensive manufacturing methods
- Making products more efficient
- Making products more long lasting
- Designing to be recycled
- Considering impact on stakeholders
82
Perspective drawing
All horizontals meet up at a point/two points
83
Isometric drawing
Verticals and horizontals at 30 degree angles
84
Oblique drawing
Front view and depth drawn at 45 degrees with 1/2 length
85
Orthographic drawing
Plan, Front and Side
86
Exploded drawing
shows how 3D objects fit together
87
Advantages of economies of scale [4]
- Fixed costs such as machinery are spread over more units
- Bulk buying reduces the cost of materials
- Marketing and advertising costs are spread over more units
- Workers can specialise in a specific part of the product
88
Economies of scale def
The cost advantages that a manufacturer gains as a result of the scale of production
89
Advantages of bespoke manufacturing
- Meets individual needs
- React to fashion and trends
- Reduce the cost of storage
90
Disruptive technologies def
Displaces existing and shakes up the industry, creates a new industry
91
Disruptive tech eg [4]
Additive manufacturing
Advanced robotics
IoT
Virtual reality
92
Papers and Boards: Layout paper
Properties and Uses
White, Smooth, Lightweight, Slightly transparent, Inexpensive
Sketching and developing design ideas, tracing
93
Papers and Boards: Copier paper
Properties and Uses
White, Inexpensive, Smooth, Medium weight, widely available
Printing and photocopying
94
Papers and Boards: Cartridge paper
Properties and Uses
Textured surface with creamy color, Thicker, More expensive
Drawing with pencil, crayon, paint, ink
95
Papers and Boards: Card
Properties and Uses
Available in a wide range of colors, textures, say to cut, fold and print on
Greeting Cards, Book covers, Modelling
96
Papers and Boards: Cardboard
Properties and Uses
300 Micron upwards, inexpensive, Easy to fold
Retail packing, Modelling
97
Papers and Boards: Corrugated Cardboard
Properties and Uses
Fluted Construction, increases strength, shocks absorbent, insulating
Pizza Boxes, shoeboxes, packing for delicate products
98
Papers and Boards: Mounted board
Properties and Uses
Smooth, rigid, different Colors
Border and mounts for picture frames
99
Extraction of paper [4]
- Wood collected, de barked and chipped
- Ground to make a pulp
- Bleach and chemicals added
- Sprayed as thin layers and dried
100
Ecological, Ethical issues with paper [4]
- Deforestation caused by cutting trees
- Global warming, habitat loss
- Air pollution by chemicals used
- Waste paper contributes to waste
101
FSC
Forest stewardship council
Ensures sustainable farming if trees, more trees planted than taken
102
Why are laminated boards harder to recycle [2]
- Made of polymers that need to be separated
- Uses a lot of energy
103
Manipulating papers and boards [3]
- Cutting
- Folding
- Joining
104
Cutting papers and boards
- Die cutter
- Scissors
- Laser cutter
105
CAD
Computer aided design
106
CAM
Computer aided manifacture
107
Scales of production: One off/ Bespoke [2]
Labour intensive and time consuming
Quality, customisation
108
Scales of production: Batch production [4]
- A limited number of products are produced in one go
- Limited editions
- Allows variation
- Cheaper than one off
109
Scales of production: mass production
Very large numbers of products
110
Scales of production: Lean manufacturing
Reducing waste at all stages of production
111
Scales of production: JIT [3]
- Materials are ordered to arrive Just in time for manufacturing to begin
- Small businesses, saves storage
- Unreliable
112
Hardwoods: Oak
Properties and Uses
Heavy, hard, Tough, Finished Well, Open Grain, Stains wood glue
Garden Furniture, Doors, High end furniture
113
Hardwoods: Ash
Properties and uses
Wide grained, Flexible, Finished well, Light colour
Tool Handles, Sports equipment
114
Hardwoods: Balsa
Properties and Uses
Soft, Lightweight, Easy to shape, glue, sand
Modelling, Packing, Surfing Boards
115
Softwoods: Pine
Straight Grain, Easy to work, Relatively Cheap
interior construction work, flooring, Crates, Paper
116
Softwoods: Spruce
Properties and uses
Straight grain, easy to work, light
Decorative veneer, Interior construction, musical instruments
117
Manufactured Board: Plywood
Layers of wood glued together, at right angles
High strength to weight ratio, Easy to cut
Structural panelling, furniture
118
Manufactured Board: MDF
Small timber fibres that are mixed with wood and resin
Poor moisture resistances hips easily, easy to cut, paint, glue
Furniture, Panelling, Interior doors
119
Manufactured Board: Chipboard
Compacted wood chips
Rough finish, veneered, inexpensive, Easy to cut, Light
Kitchen tops, cabinets, shelving
120
Metals properties [6]
- High melting point
- High tensile strength
- Lustrous
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Good conductors
121
Malleability def
A materials ability to deform without breaking or snapping when hammered or rolled into a thin sheet
122
Ductility def
How easily a material can be drawn into wires
123
Ferrous Metals: Mild Steel
Cheap, tough, Easy to cut and weld
General buildings and engineering, car body
124
Ferrous metal: High carbon steel
Harder and stronger than mild steel, Brittle
Springs, saw blades, drills
125
Ferrous metals: Stainless steel
Resistant to corrosion and wear
Cutlery, surgical instruments, kitchen utensils
126
Non ferrous metals: Aluminium
Lightweight, good finish, malleable, good conductor
Drink cans, aircraft and car body
127
Non ferrous metals: Copper
Soft, Ductile, Malleable, Conducts heat and electricity
Electrical cables, jewellery, statues, water pipes
128
Alloy: Brass
65% Copper 35% Zinc
Durable, Corrosion resistant
Musical instruments, Handles
129
Alloy: Solder
Lead, Tin, Copper
Malleable, Low melting point, good conductor of electricity
Electrical solder
130
Properties of Polymers [5]
Lightweight
Waterproof
Tough
Electrical and thermal insulators
Resistant to corrosion
131
Production of polymers
- Drill and extract crude oil
- Fractional Distillation of crude oil
- Cracking
- Polymerisation to make polymers
- Pigments, Plasticisers, Fillers, Stabilisers added
132
Ecological Issues with polymers [6]
- Crude oil is a non-renewable resource
- Toxic (Harmfull)
- Causes Waste, take a long time to decompose
- Ocean Pollution, damage to ecosystems
- Hazard to workers
- Only virgin polymers are safe to use with food
133
Stock Forms for Polymers
Sheet, Granules, Rods, tubes, Frames Plastics, Powdered polymers, Reels
134
Polymers Standard components
Nuts and bolts, Washers, Plugs, End Caps, Gear Wheels
135
Marking out polymers [2]
- Chinagraph pencil
- Permanet marker
136
Cutting Polymers [3]
- Coping saw or scrolls saw to cut curves
- Band saw to cut straight
- Laser Cutter to cut 2d shapes
137
Adhesion of polymers [2]
- Epoxy resin
- Tensol
138
Joining POlymers
- Adhesion
- Welding
- Mechanical fixings
139
Line bending Polymers [2]
- Creates simple bends
- Sheet of material is heated along a strip and softens, allowing it to be folded, hardens as it cools
140
Drape forming polymers [2]
- Used to forma large curve or bend
- Heated and draped over a former to hold it in shape
141
Press moulding [3]
- Used to produce more complex shapes
- Yoke (top) and plug (bottom)
- Polymer heated and placed in between cooled
142
Recycling, Reuse and Disposal of electronic components [2]
- Contain several components which are difficult to separate for recycling
- Many components contain hazardous chemicals
143
Lever flrmula
Moments are balanced
144
1st class lever
Effort, Fulcrum, Load
Scisors
145
2nd Class lever
Fulcrum, Load, Effort
Nutcracker
146
3rd class lever
Fulcrum Load, Effort
Tweezer
147
V, I, R
V=IR
148
Gear ratio
Teeth on driver: Teeth on drive
Speed of driver: Speed of driven
149
Idler gear def
An extra gear used to keep the driver and the driven turning in the same direction
150
Beven Gear
Gears with teeth cut out at 45 degerees
151
Worm drives
One tooth that is shaped like a screw or bolt thread
152
rack and pinions
Rotary into oscillating
153
Chain ans sprocekt
Two driver pulleys connected with a. belt
154
Smart Materials def
A material whose physical properties change in response to an input
155
Modern Materials eg
Graphene
Titanium
Metal Foams
Nanometerials
156
Smart Materials eg
Thermochromic pigment: Baby Spoon
Shape memory alloy: Braces
Photochromic pigments: UV sunglases
157
Automation def
The use of machines to do tasks with minimal human input
158
Adv of Automation [5]
- Increased speed
- No rest
- High accuracy
- Increased quality
- Can be used in dangerous situation
159
Disadvantages of automation [3]
- Lack of human employment
- Expensive to buy
- Lack human judgement
160
Smart technology
Develops computerised machines further by connecting them with other machines and sensors, increases efficiency
161
Sustainability def
Sustaining the needs of the present without compromising on the needs of the future
162
Carbon footprint
the amount of greenhouse gasses released during the production/consumption/disposal of a product
163
Social footprint of products
How the production/consumption/disposal of a product impacts people
164
Cooperative
Owned by and run by members
165
Market pull
Designing to satisfy the needs and wants of customers
166
Technology push
New technology drives improvement
167
Hacksaw
For straight cutting in metals and plastics
168
Coping saw
For cutting curves in wood and plastic
169
Files
Small teeth to remove material, final finishing
Triangle, Half round, Flat
170
Sanding tools
Sanding disc, Belt sander
171
Band Saw
Cutting straight in woods, plywoods
172
Metal sheet press
Sheets of metal are placed between a punch and a die, force is applied
173
Casting
Molten material is poured into a hollow mould, cools and solidifies
174
Vacuum forming steps [7]
- Mould placed on vacuum bed
- Thermoforming plastic sheet clamped above the bed
- Plastic is heated till softened
- Vacuum bed is lifted
- Vacuum created and plastic pulled onto mould
- Cooled and holds shape
- Removed from mould
175
Injection moulding steps [5]
- Plastic granules fed into a hopper
- Slowly moved into chamber surrounded by heaters, melts
- Fed into a mould
- Cools, takes shape
- Removed
176
Anthropometric data def
Data consisting of the measurements of a set of humans. Can be used in combination with anatomy, physiology, psychology and statistics to create ergonomic design
177
Ergonomic design def
Design for comfort and easy to use
178
Percentile considered
5th, 50th, 95th
179
Laser cutter steps [6]
- Design on 2d design software
- Place sheet on bed, align with corner
- Close lid
- Execute
- Remove
- Remove film, separate
180
3D printing steps
- Design on 3d fusion software
- Feed reel
- Line bed
- Heat bed
- Print
- Remove, remove supports
181
Rotation moulding steps [5]
- Load granule polymer
- Heating the mold in an oven while it rotates
- Cooling the mold, usually by fan
- Removal of the part
- Cut excess
182
Thermoforming Polymers examples
HDPE
Acrylic
Nylon
ABS
Nylon
183
Thermosetting Polymers Example
Resin
PF
184
Blow moulding steps [5]
- Heated tube placed into hollow mould
- Mould closes and end positions are gripped
- Compressed air blown in
- Cooled
- removed and finished
185
PCB engraving steps [5]
- Deign on software
- transfer onto copper by printing on transfer papers
- Place into etching solution until all copper has dissolved
- Drill holes
- Solder
