content Flashcards
Design Solution def
Where a product or system fulfils a need or want
Issues to consider before designing [6]
- Social, Moral, Cultural issues
- Economic issues
- Are wasteful products created
- Is energy waste created
- Impact on the nature and the environment
- What technology is available
Primary User def
The main user of the product or system
Stakeholder def
A user, person, group or organisation that has interest in the product or system
Social factors def
Lifestyle factors that affect people within our society
Cultural factors def
The beliefs, moral values, traditions, language, laws and behaviour that are common to a group of people
Moral factors def
A moral issue if related to human behaviour; it is the distinction between good and bad, or right and wrong, behaviour, according to our conscienvce
Economic factors def
How the making, using and disposing of products and services can have an impact on the industry and trade of a country
Inclusive design def
The design or mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible without the need for special adaptation or specialised design
Usability def
How easy a product is to use, how clear
and obvious the functions are
Ergonomics def
The study of how we use and interact with a product or system
Anthropometrics def
The study of the sizes of the human body
Aesthetics def
Factors concerned with the visual appeal of a product
The influence of fashion, tends, taste and/or style
- Designers are influenced by new trends and forecasts predicting future trends
- Technology has a large influence of 21st century design
- Increased concern about environmental and ethical issues influences trends
Ethical def
Correct, good or honourable
Marketing def
The business of promoting and selling a product; it can include advertising and promotion and market research
Throwaway society def
A society influenced by consumerism and excessive consumption of products
Lifecycle assessment def
The analysis of the impact of a product on the environment throughout the manufacturing, use and disposal of that product
Lifecycle assessment points [7]
- Extraction
- Transport
- Processing
- Manufacturing
- Packaging
- Use
- Disposal
6 R’s
- Rethink: Is there a better way of doing the task
- Reuse: Which parts of the product can be used again
- Recycle: How east is it to reprocess the materials
- Repair: How easy is it to replace the parts
- Reduce: Do we need to use as much material
- Refuse: Is the product really necessary
Examples of ethical decisions
- New products put pressure to buy new ones, increase waste
- Mining of materials can cause political and environmental problems
Planned obsolescence def [3]
- Deliberately making a product out of date by stopping its supply of service or support by introducing a new version or model
- Can be good to ensure safety, efficiency
- Results in waste
Compatibility def def
How a product fits or works with other products
New and emerging technologies eg [4]
- Artificial intelligence /ML
- Biometrics
- Virtual reality
- Drones
Circular economy def
A model in which resources are kept in use for as long a s possible and the minimum value is extracted from them during and after their useful life
Non renewable resources def
Resources that are finite and can not be replenished
Renewable resources
Resources that are not finite and can be replenished
Fair trade def
Establishing better prices, working conditions and terms of trade for farmers and workers
Sources of information [6]
- Questionares
- Interviewing focus groups
- Carrying our surveys
- Collecting secondary data
- Observation
- Product analysis
User centred design def
Aims to make products and systems usable by focussing on the user interface and how the user interacts with and relates to the product
UCD features [2]
- Driven and refined by user evaluation and feedback
- Iterative process and includes using focus groups, usability testing, participatory design, interviews and questioners to gather data
Systems thinking def
The understanding of a product or component as part of a larger system of other products and systems
GSM
Grams per square meter, used to classify weights of paper and card
Micron
One thousandth of a mm, used to classify the thickness of paper and card
Hardwoods [4]
- Come from deciduous trees that shed their leaves each year
- Trees are slow growing and take hundreds of years to grow fully
- Trees have thick trunks with branches at the top
- Hardwoods have a close grain and tend to be denser, harder and heavier than softwoods
Softwoods [5]
- Come from coniferous or evergreen trees that have needles instead of leaves
- Trees keep their needles all year round
- Trees grow much faster than hardwood trees
- Trees grow straight with lots of branches all the way up the trunk
- Softwood has more knots than hardwood
Hardwood examples [4]
- Oak
- Mahogany
- Teak
- Beech
Softwood examples [4]
- Scots pine
- Spruce
- Cedar
- Parana pine
Manufactured board examples
- MDF
- Plywood
- Chipboard
- Blockboard
Ferrous metals [3]
- Contain iron
- Are magnetic
- Corrode quickly if not treated with a finish
Non ferrous metals [3]
- Do not contain iron
- More corrosion resistant ferrous metals
- Generally more expensive
Alloys [4]
- Metals mixed or combined with other metals or substances
- Specific properties derived from metals they are made of
- ratios of materials may differ
- Generally cheaper than non-ferrous metals
Ferrous metals examples [4]
- Mild Steel
- Carbon steel
- Cast iron
- Wrought Iron
Non ferrous metals examples [4]
- ALuminium
- Copper
- Tin
- Zinc
Alloys examples [4]
- Brass
- Pewter
- Duralumin
- Bronze
Thermo polymers [3]
- Soften when they are heated and hard when they are cooled
- Can be recycled as they can be reheated many times
- When heated, will return to their original shape, this is called plastic memory
thermosetting polymers [2]
- Undergo a chemical change when they are set
- Can not be reheated or remoulded
Natural fibres [2]
- Derived from animals and plants
- eg. Cotton, Wool, Silk
Synthetic fibres [5]
- Man made
- Made from Coal, Oil, Minerals and petrochemicals
- eg. Polyester, Acrylic, Nylon
- Non-biodegradable and thus not sustainable
- Manufactured to have beneficial properties, eg flame resistance
Mixed/Blended fabrics [3]
- Different fibres mixed together
- eg. Elastic and cotton yarn
- Fibres blended together before being spun into yarn
Woven fabrics [3]
- Wrap and weft yarns woven together to create fabric
- Wrap runs vertically
- Weft yarns are woven horizontally over and under wrap yarns
Non woven fabrics [1]
Non woven fabrics are either bonded or felted together
Knitted fabrics [2]
- Yarns are looped together inroads of interlocking loops
- Loose and flexible
Material properties: Strength
The ability for a material to withstand forces that try to bend or break it
Material properties: Hardness
How resistant it is to pressure from cutting, scratching or wear
Material properties: Durability
The ability of a material to withstand wear, pressure or damage
Material properties: Strength to weight ratio
A measure of the materials strength compared to it weight
Material properties: Stiffness
Ability to resist being deformed when a force is applied to it
Material properties: Elasticity
The ability of a material to return to its initial shape after he forces applied to it are removed
Material properties: Impact resistance
The ability of a material to withstand force or shock
Material properties: Corrosive resistance
How susceptible materials are to degradation from oxygen, moisture and other chemicals
Material properties: Flammability
The ability of a substance to burn or ignite
Material properties: Absorbency
The ability of a material to absorb moisture
Material properties: Thermal conductivity
The ability of a material to transfer heat through it
Material properties: Electrical conductivity
How easily electricity can flow through material
Material properties: Magnetic properties
A material with magnetic properties will emit forces which attract or repulse other materials
Types of motion [4]
- Rotary
- Linear
- Oscillating (semicircular)
- Reciprocating (back and forth)
Stages in an electronic system
Input, Process, Output
Input eg [7]
Temp
Pressure
Light
Weight
Sound
Movement
Magnetic field
Input devices eg [6]
Push buttons and switches
Movement sensors
IR sensors
Magnetic field sensors
Temperature sensors
Light sensors
Types of switches [5]
Push Switches
Rocker switches
Toggle switches
Slider Switches
Micro Switches
Types of output [3]
Light
Sound
Motor
Output devices [3]
Light bulbs, lamps, LEDs
Speakers and buzzers
Motors
Microcontroller def
A programmable electronic component
Program def
A set of instructions loaded onto a microcontroller
Advantages of Microcontrollers [6]
Large memory
Low maintainance
Low power consumption
Cost effective
Wide range available
Small
Disadvantages of microcontrollers [2]
- Can only carry out a specific task
- Program can not be changed once embedded
Autonomous def
Acting alone
IoT
The connection of everyday devices to the internet, allowing them to send and receive data
Ways of increasing inclusivity [4]
- Symbols
- Clear visuals
- Easy to understand
- Function
Sustainable design practices [6]
- Sustainable materials
- Less energy intensive manufacturing methods
- Making products more efficient
- Making products more long lasting
- Designing to be recycled
- Considering impact on stakeholders
Perspective drawing
All horizontals meet up at a point/two points
Isometric drawing
Verticals and horizontals at 30 degree angles
Oblique drawing
Front view and depth drawn at 45 degrees with 1/2 length
Orthographic drawing
Plan, Front and Side
Exploded drawing
shows how 3D objects fit together
Advantages of economies of scale [4]
- Fixed costs such as machinery are spread over more units
- Bulk buying reduces the cost of materials
- Marketing and advertising costs are spread over more units
- Workers can specialise in a specific part of the product
Economies of scale def
The cost advantages that a manufacturer gains as a result of the scale of production
Advantages of bespoke manufacturing
- Meets individual needs
- React to fashion and trends
- Reduce the cost of storage
Disruptive technologies def
Displaces existing and shakes up the industry, creates a new industry
Disruptive tech eg [4]
Additive manufacturing
Advanced robotics
IoT
Virtual reality
Papers and Boards: Layout paper
Properties and Uses
White, Smooth, Lightweight, Slightly transparent, Inexpensive
Sketching and developing design ideas, tracing
Papers and Boards: Copier paper
Properties and Uses
White, Inexpensive, Smooth, Medium weight, widely available
Printing and photocopying
Papers and Boards: Cartridge paper
Properties and Uses
Textured surface with creamy color, Thicker, More expensive
Drawing with pencil, crayon, paint, ink
Papers and Boards: Card
Properties and Uses
Available in a wide range of colors, textures, say to cut, fold and print on
Greeting Cards, Book covers, Modelling
Papers and Boards: Cardboard
Properties and Uses
300 Micron upwards, inexpensive, Easy to fold
Retail packing, Modelling
Papers and Boards: Corrugated Cardboard
Properties and Uses
Fluted Construction, increases strength, shocks absorbent, insulating
Pizza Boxes, shoeboxes, packing for delicate products
Papers and Boards: Mounted board
Properties and Uses
Smooth, rigid, different Colors
Border and mounts for picture frames
Extraction of paper [4]
- Wood collected, de barked and chipped
- Ground to make a pulp
- Bleach and chemicals added
- Sprayed as thin layers and dried
Ecological, Ethical issues with paper [4]
- Deforestation caused by cutting trees
- Global warming, habitat loss
- Air pollution by chemicals used
- Waste paper contributes to waste
FSC
Forest stewardship council
Ensures sustainable farming if trees, more trees planted than taken
Why are laminated boards harder to recycle [2]
- Made of polymers that need to be separated
- Uses a lot of energy
Manipulating papers and boards [3]
- Cutting
- Folding
- Joining
Cutting papers and boards
- Die cutter
- Scissors
- Laser cutter
CAD
Computer aided design
CAM
Computer aided manifacture
Scales of production: One off/ Bespoke [2]
Labour intensive and time consuming
Quality, customisation
Scales of production: Batch production [4]
- A limited number of products are produced in one go
- Limited editions
- Allows variation
- Cheaper than one off
Scales of production: mass production
Very large numbers of products
Scales of production: Lean manufacturing
Reducing waste at all stages of production
Scales of production: JIT [3]
- Materials are ordered to arrive Just in time for manufacturing to begin
- Small businesses, saves storage
- Unreliable
Hardwoods: Oak
Properties and Uses
Heavy, hard, Tough, Finished Well, Open Grain, Stains wood glue
Garden Furniture, Doors, High end furniture
Hardwoods: Ash
Properties and uses
Wide grained, Flexible, Finished well, Light colour
Tool Handles, Sports equipment
Hardwoods: Balsa
Properties and Uses
Soft, Lightweight, Easy to shape, glue, sand
Modelling, Packing, Surfing Boards
Softwoods: Pine
Straight Grain, Easy to work, Relatively Cheap
interior construction work, flooring, Crates, Paper
Softwoods: Spruce
Properties and uses
Straight grain, easy to work, light
Decorative veneer, Interior construction, musical instruments
Manufactured Board: Plywood
Layers of wood glued together, at right angles
High strength to weight ratio, Easy to cut
Structural panelling, furniture
Manufactured Board: MDF
Small timber fibres that are mixed with wood and resin
Poor moisture resistances hips easily, easy to cut, paint, glue
Furniture, Panelling, Interior doors
Manufactured Board: Chipboard
Compacted wood chips
Rough finish, veneered, inexpensive, Easy to cut, Light
Kitchen tops, cabinets, shelving
Metals properties [6]
- High melting point
- High tensile strength
- Lustrous
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Good conductors
Malleability def
A materials ability to deform without breaking or snapping when hammered or rolled into a thin sheet
Ductility def
How easily a material can be drawn into wires
Ferrous Metals: Mild Steel
Cheap, tough, Easy to cut and weld
General buildings and engineering, car body
Ferrous metal: High carbon steel
Harder and stronger than mild steel, Brittle
Springs, saw blades, drills
Ferrous metals: Stainless steel
Resistant to corrosion and wear
Cutlery, surgical instruments, kitchen utensils
Non ferrous metals: Aluminium
Lightweight, good finish, malleable, good conductor
Drink cans, aircraft and car body
Non ferrous metals: Copper
Soft, Ductile, Malleable, Conducts heat and electricity
Electrical cables, jewellery, statues, water pipes
Alloy: Brass
65% Copper 35% Zinc
Durable, Corrosion resistant
Musical instruments, Handles
Alloy: Solder
Lead, Tin, Copper
Malleable, Low melting point, good conductor of electricity
Electrical solder
Properties of Polymers [5]
Lightweight
Waterproof
Tough
Electrical and thermal insulators
Resistant to corrosion
Production of polymers
- Drill and extract crude oil
- Fractional Distillation of crude oil
- Cracking
- Polymerisation to make polymers
- Pigments, Plasticisers, Fillers, Stabilisers added
Ecological Issues with polymers [6]
- Crude oil is a non-renewable resource
- Toxic (Harmfull)
- Causes Waste, take a long time to decompose
- Ocean Pollution, damage to ecosystems
- Hazard to workers
- Only virgin polymers are safe to use with food
Stock Forms for Polymers
Sheet, Granules, Rods, tubes, Frames Plastics, Powdered polymers, Reels
Polymers Standard components
Nuts and bolts, Washers, Plugs, End Caps, Gear Wheels
Marking out polymers [2]
- Chinagraph pencil
- Permanet marker
Cutting Polymers [3]
- Coping saw or scrolls saw to cut curves
- Band saw to cut straight
- Laser Cutter to cut 2d shapes
Adhesion of polymers [2]
- Epoxy resin
- Tensol
Joining POlymers
- Adhesion
- Welding
- Mechanical fixings
Line bending Polymers [2]
- Creates simple bends
- Sheet of material is heated along a strip and softens, allowing it to be folded, hardens as it cools
Drape forming polymers [2]
- Used to forma large curve or bend
- Heated and draped over a former to hold it in shape
Press moulding [3]
- Used to produce more complex shapes
- Yoke (top) and plug (bottom)
- Polymer heated and placed in between cooled
Recycling, Reuse and Disposal of electronic components [2]
- Contain several components which are difficult to separate for recycling
- Many components contain hazardous chemicals
Lever flrmula
Moments are balanced
1st class lever
Effort, Fulcrum, Load
Scisors
2nd Class lever
Fulcrum, Load, Effort
Nutcracker
3rd class lever
Fulcrum Load, Effort
Tweezer
V, I, R
V=IR
Gear ratio
Teeth on driver: Teeth on drive
Speed of driver: Speed of driven
Idler gear def
An extra gear used to keep the driver and the driven turning in the same direction
Beven Gear
Gears with teeth cut out at 45 degerees
Worm drives
One tooth that is shaped like a screw or bolt thread
rack and pinions
Rotary into oscillating
Chain ans sprocekt
Two driver pulleys connected with a. belt
Smart Materials def
A material whose physical properties change in response to an input
Modern Materials eg
Graphene
Titanium
Metal Foams
Nanometerials
Smart Materials eg
Thermochromic pigment: Baby Spoon
Shape memory alloy: Braces
Photochromic pigments: UV sunglases
Automation def
The use of machines to do tasks with minimal human input
Adv of Automation [5]
- Increased speed
- No rest
- High accuracy
- Increased quality
- Can be used in dangerous situation
Disadvantages of automation [3]
- Lack of human employment
- Expensive to buy
- Lack human judgement
Smart technology
Develops computerised machines further by connecting them with other machines and sensors, increases efficiency
Sustainability def
Sustaining the needs of the present without compromising on the needs of the future
Carbon footprint
the amount of greenhouse gasses released during the production/consumption/disposal of a product
Social footprint of products
How the production/consumption/disposal of a product impacts people
Cooperative
Owned by and run by members
Market pull
Designing to satisfy the needs and wants of customers
Technology push
New technology drives improvement
Hacksaw
For straight cutting in metals and plastics
Coping saw
For cutting curves in wood and plastic
Files
Small teeth to remove material, final finishing
Triangle, Half round, Flat
Sanding tools
Sanding disc, Belt sander
Band Saw
Cutting straight in woods, plywoods
Metal sheet press
Sheets of metal are placed between a punch and a die, force is applied
Casting
Molten material is poured into a hollow mould, cools and solidifies
Vacuum forming steps [7]
- Mould placed on vacuum bed
- Thermoforming plastic sheet clamped above the bed
- Plastic is heated till softened
- Vacuum bed is lifted
- Vacuum created and plastic pulled onto mould
- Cooled and holds shape
- Removed from mould
Injection moulding steps [5]
- Plastic granules fed into a hopper
- Slowly moved into chamber surrounded by heaters, melts
- Fed into a mould
- Cools, takes shape
- Removed
Anthropometric data def
Data consisting of the measurements of a set of humans. Can be used in combination with anatomy, physiology, psychology and statistics to create ergonomic design
Ergonomic design def
Design for comfort and easy to use
Percentile considered
5th, 50th, 95th
Laser cutter steps [6]
- Design on 2d design software
- Place sheet on bed, align with corner
- Close lid
- Execute
- Remove
- Remove film, separate
3D printing steps
- Design on 3d fusion software
- Feed reel
- Line bed
- Heat bed
- Remove, remove supports
Rotation moulding steps [5]
- Load granule polymer
- Heating the mold in an oven while it rotates
- Cooling the mold, usually by fan
- Removal of the part
- Cut excess
Thermoforming Polymers examples
HDPE
Acrylic
Nylon
ABS
Nylon
Thermosetting Polymers Example
Resin
PF
Blow moulding steps [5]
- Heated tube placed into hollow mould
- Mould closes and end positions are gripped
- Compressed air blown in
- Cooled
- removed and finished
PCB engraving steps [5]
- Deign on software
- transfer onto copper by printing on transfer papers
- Place into etching solution until all copper has dissolved
- Drill holes
- Solder