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1
Q

Design Solution def

A

Where a product or system fulfils a need or want

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2
Q

Issues to consider before designing [6]

A
  • Social, Moral, Cultural issues
  • Economic issues
  • Are wasteful products created
  • Is energy waste created
  • Impact on the nature and the environment
  • What technology is available
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3
Q

Primary User def

A

The main user of the product or system

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4
Q

Stakeholder def

A

A user, person, group or organisation that has interest in the product or system

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5
Q

Social factors def

A

Lifestyle factors that affect people within our society

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6
Q

Cultural factors def

A

The beliefs, moral values, traditions, language, laws and behaviour that are common to a group of people

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7
Q

Moral factors def

A

A moral issue if related to human behaviour; it is the distinction between good and bad, or right and wrong, behaviour, according to our conscienvce

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8
Q

Economic factors def

A

How the making, using and disposing of products and services can have an impact on the industry and trade of a country

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9
Q

Inclusive design def

A

The design or mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible without the need for special adaptation or specialised design

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10
Q

Usability def

A

How easy a product is to use, how clear
and obvious the functions are

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11
Q

Ergonomics def

A

The study of how we use and interact with a product or system

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12
Q

Anthropometrics def

A

The study of the sizes of the human body

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13
Q

Aesthetics def

A

Factors concerned with the visual appeal of a product

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14
Q

The influence of fashion, tends, taste and/or style

A
  • Designers are influenced by new trends and forecasts predicting future trends
  • Technology has a large influence of 21st century design
  • Increased concern about environmental and ethical issues influences trends
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15
Q

Ethical def

A

Correct, good or honourable

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16
Q

Marketing def

A

The business of promoting and selling a product; it can include advertising and promotion and market research

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17
Q

Throwaway society def

A

A society influenced by consumerism and excessive consumption of products

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18
Q

Lifecycle assessment def

A

The analysis of the impact of a product on the environment throughout the manufacturing, use and disposal of that product

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19
Q

Lifecycle assessment points [7]

A
  • Extraction
  • Transport
  • Processing
  • Manufacturing
  • Packaging
  • Use
  • Disposal
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20
Q

6 R’s

A
  • Rethink: Is there a better way of doing the task
  • Reuse: Which parts of the product can be used again
  • Recycle: How east is it to reprocess the materials
  • Repair: How easy is it to replace the parts
  • Reduce: Do we need to use as much material
  • Refuse: Is the product really necessary
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21
Q

Examples of ethical decisions

A
  • New products put pressure to buy new ones, increase waste
  • Mining of materials can cause political and environmental problems
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22
Q

Planned obsolescence def [3]

A
  • Deliberately making a product out of date by stopping its supply of service or support by introducing a new version or model
  • Can be good to ensure safety, efficiency
  • Results in waste
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23
Q

Compatibility def def

A

How a product fits or works with other products

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24
Q

New and emerging technologies eg [4]

A
  • Artificial intelligence /ML
  • Biometrics
  • Virtual reality
  • Drones
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25
Q

Circular economy def

A

A model in which resources are kept in use for as long a s possible and the minimum value is extracted from them during and after their useful life

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26
Q

Non renewable resources def

A

Resources that are finite and can not be replenished

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27
Q

Renewable resources

A

Resources that are not finite and can be replenished

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28
Q

Fair trade def

A

Establishing better prices, working conditions and terms of trade for farmers and workers

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29
Q

Sources of information [6]

A
  • Questionares
  • Interviewing focus groups
  • Carrying our surveys
  • Collecting secondary data
  • Observation
  • Product analysis
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30
Q

User centred design def

A

Aims to make products and systems usable by focussing on the user interface and how the user interacts with and relates to the product

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31
Q

UCD features [2]

A
  • Driven and refined by user evaluation and feedback
  • Iterative process and includes using focus groups, usability testing, participatory design, interviews and questioners to gather data
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32
Q

Systems thinking def

A

The understanding of a product or component as part of a larger system of other products and systems

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33
Q

GSM

A

Grams per square meter, used to classify weights of paper and card

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34
Q

Micron

A

One thousandth of a mm, used to classify the thickness of paper and card

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35
Q

Hardwoods [4]

A
  • Come from deciduous trees that shed their leaves each year
  • Trees are slow growing and take hundreds of years to grow fully
  • Trees have thick trunks with branches at the top
  • Hardwoods have a close grain and tend to be denser, harder and heavier than softwoods
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36
Q

Softwoods [5]

A
  • Come from coniferous or evergreen trees that have needles instead of leaves
  • Trees keep their needles all year round
  • Trees grow much faster than hardwood trees
  • Trees grow straight with lots of branches all the way up the trunk
  • Softwood has more knots than hardwood
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37
Q

Hardwood examples [4]

A
  • Oak
  • Mahogany
  • Teak
  • Beech
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38
Q

Softwood examples [4]

A
  • Scots pine
  • Spruce
  • Cedar
  • Parana pine
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39
Q

Manufactured board examples

A
  • MDF
  • Plywood
  • Chipboard
  • Blockboard
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40
Q

Ferrous metals [3]

A
  • Contain iron
  • Are magnetic
  • Corrode quickly if not treated with a finish
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41
Q

Non ferrous metals [3]

A
  • Do not contain iron
  • More corrosion resistant ferrous metals
  • Generally more expensive
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42
Q

Alloys [4]

A
  • Metals mixed or combined with other metals or substances
  • Specific properties derived from metals they are made of
  • ratios of materials may differ
  • Generally cheaper than non-ferrous metals
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43
Q

Ferrous metals examples [4]

A
  • Mild Steel
  • Carbon steel
  • Cast iron
  • Wrought Iron
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44
Q

Non ferrous metals examples [4]

A
  • ALuminium
  • Copper
  • Tin
  • Zinc
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45
Q

Alloys examples [4]

A
  • Brass
  • Pewter
  • Duralumin
  • Bronze
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46
Q

Thermo polymers [3]

A
  • Soften when they are heated and hard when they are cooled
  • Can be recycled as they can be reheated many times
  • When heated, will return to their original shape, this is called plastic memory
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47
Q

thermosetting polymers [2]

A
  • Undergo a chemical change when they are set
  • Can not be reheated or remoulded
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48
Q

Natural fibres [2]

A
  • Derived from animals and plants
  • eg. Cotton, Wool, Silk
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49
Q

Synthetic fibres [5]

A
  • Man made
  • Made from Coal, Oil, Minerals and petrochemicals
  • eg. Polyester, Acrylic, Nylon
  • Non-biodegradable and thus not sustainable
  • Manufactured to have beneficial properties, eg flame resistance
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50
Q

Mixed/Blended fabrics [3]

A
  • Different fibres mixed together
  • eg. Elastic and cotton yarn
  • Fibres blended together before being spun into yarn
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51
Q

Woven fabrics [3]

A
  • Wrap and weft yarns woven together to create fabric
  • Wrap runs vertically
  • Weft yarns are woven horizontally over and under wrap yarns
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52
Q

Non woven fabrics [1]

A

Non woven fabrics are either bonded or felted together

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53
Q

Knitted fabrics [2]

A
  • Yarns are looped together inroads of interlocking loops
  • Loose and flexible
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54
Q

Material properties: Strength

A

The ability for a material to withstand forces that try to bend or break it

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55
Q

Material properties: Hardness

A

How resistant it is to pressure from cutting, scratching or wear

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56
Q

Material properties: Durability

A

The ability of a material to withstand wear, pressure or damage

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57
Q

Material properties: Strength to weight ratio

A

A measure of the materials strength compared to it weight

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58
Q

Material properties: Stiffness

A

Ability to resist being deformed when a force is applied to it

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59
Q

Material properties: Elasticity

A

The ability of a material to return to its initial shape after he forces applied to it are removed

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60
Q

Material properties: Impact resistance

A

The ability of a material to withstand force or shock

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61
Q

Material properties: Corrosive resistance

A

How susceptible materials are to degradation from oxygen, moisture and other chemicals

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62
Q

Material properties: Flammability

A

The ability of a substance to burn or ignite

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63
Q

Material properties: Absorbency

A

The ability of a material to absorb moisture

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64
Q

Material properties: Thermal conductivity

A

The ability of a material to transfer heat through it

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65
Q

Material properties: Electrical conductivity

A

How easily electricity can flow through material

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66
Q

Material properties: Magnetic properties

A

A material with magnetic properties will emit forces which attract or repulse other materials

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67
Q

Types of motion [4]

A
  • Rotary
  • Linear
  • Oscillating (semicircular)
  • Reciprocating (back and forth)
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68
Q

Stages in an electronic system

A

Input, Process, Output

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69
Q

Input eg [7]

A

Temp
Pressure
Light
Weight
Sound
Movement
Magnetic field

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70
Q

Input devices eg [6]

A

Push buttons and switches
Movement sensors
IR sensors
Magnetic field sensors
Temperature sensors
Light sensors

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71
Q

Types of switches [5]

A

Push Switches
Rocker switches
Toggle switches
Slider Switches
Micro Switches

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72
Q

Types of output [3]

A

Light
Sound
Motor

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73
Q

Output devices [3]

A

Light bulbs, lamps, LEDs
Speakers and buzzers
Motors

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74
Q

Microcontroller def

A

A programmable electronic component

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75
Q

Program def

A

A set of instructions loaded onto a microcontroller

76
Q

Advantages of Microcontrollers [6]

A

Large memory
Low maintainance
Low power consumption
Cost effective
Wide range available
Small

77
Q

Disadvantages of microcontrollers [2]

A
  • Can only carry out a specific task
  • Program can not be changed once embedded
78
Q

Autonomous def

A

Acting alone

79
Q

IoT

A

The connection of everyday devices to the internet, allowing them to send and receive data

80
Q

Ways of increasing inclusivity [4]

A
  • Symbols
  • Clear visuals
  • Easy to understand
  • Function
81
Q

Sustainable design practices [6]

A
  • Sustainable materials
  • Less energy intensive manufacturing methods
  • Making products more efficient
  • Making products more long lasting
  • Designing to be recycled
  • Considering impact on stakeholders
82
Q

Perspective drawing

A

All horizontals meet up at a point/two points

83
Q

Isometric drawing

A

Verticals and horizontals at 30 degree angles

84
Q

Oblique drawing

A

Front view and depth drawn at 45 degrees with 1/2 length

85
Q

Orthographic drawing

A

Plan, Front and Side

86
Q

Exploded drawing

A

shows how 3D objects fit together

87
Q

Advantages of economies of scale [4]

A
  • Fixed costs such as machinery are spread over more units
  • Bulk buying reduces the cost of materials
  • Marketing and advertising costs are spread over more units
  • Workers can specialise in a specific part of the product
88
Q

Economies of scale def

A

The cost advantages that a manufacturer gains as a result of the scale of production

89
Q

Advantages of bespoke manufacturing

A
  • Meets individual needs
  • React to fashion and trends
  • Reduce the cost of storage
90
Q

Disruptive technologies def

A

Displaces existing and shakes up the industry, creates a new industry

91
Q

Disruptive tech eg [4]

A

Additive manufacturing
Advanced robotics
IoT
Virtual reality

92
Q

Papers and Boards: Layout paper
Properties and Uses

A

White, Smooth, Lightweight, Slightly transparent, Inexpensive

Sketching and developing design ideas, tracing

93
Q

Papers and Boards: Copier paper
Properties and Uses

A

White, Inexpensive, Smooth, Medium weight, widely available

Printing and photocopying

94
Q

Papers and Boards: Cartridge paper
Properties and Uses

A

Textured surface with creamy color, Thicker, More expensive

Drawing with pencil, crayon, paint, ink

95
Q

Papers and Boards: Card
Properties and Uses

A

Available in a wide range of colors, textures, say to cut, fold and print on

Greeting Cards, Book covers, Modelling

96
Q

Papers and Boards: Cardboard
Properties and Uses

A

300 Micron upwards, inexpensive, Easy to fold

Retail packing, Modelling

97
Q

Papers and Boards: Corrugated Cardboard
Properties and Uses

A

Fluted Construction, increases strength, shocks absorbent, insulating

Pizza Boxes, shoeboxes, packing for delicate products

98
Q

Papers and Boards: Mounted board
Properties and Uses

A

Smooth, rigid, different Colors

Border and mounts for picture frames

99
Q

Extraction of paper [4]

A
  • Wood collected, de barked and chipped
  • Ground to make a pulp
  • Bleach and chemicals added
  • Sprayed as thin layers and dried
100
Q

Ecological, Ethical issues with paper [4]

A
  • Deforestation caused by cutting trees
  • Global warming, habitat loss
  • Air pollution by chemicals used
  • Waste paper contributes to waste
101
Q

FSC

A

Forest stewardship council
Ensures sustainable farming if trees, more trees planted than taken

102
Q

Why are laminated boards harder to recycle [2]

A
  • Made of polymers that need to be separated
  • Uses a lot of energy
103
Q

Manipulating papers and boards [3]

A
  • Cutting
  • Folding
  • Joining
104
Q

Cutting papers and boards

A
  • Die cutter
  • Scissors
  • Laser cutter
105
Q

CAD

A

Computer aided design

106
Q

CAM

A

Computer aided manifacture

107
Q

Scales of production: One off/ Bespoke [2]

A

Labour intensive and time consuming
Quality, customisation

108
Q

Scales of production: Batch production [4]

A
  • A limited number of products are produced in one go
  • Limited editions
  • Allows variation
  • Cheaper than one off
109
Q

Scales of production: mass production

A

Very large numbers of products

110
Q

Scales of production: Lean manufacturing

A

Reducing waste at all stages of production

111
Q

Scales of production: JIT [3]

A
  • Materials are ordered to arrive Just in time for manufacturing to begin
  • Small businesses, saves storage
  • Unreliable
112
Q

Hardwoods: Oak
Properties and Uses

A

Heavy, hard, Tough, Finished Well, Open Grain, Stains wood glue

Garden Furniture, Doors, High end furniture

113
Q

Hardwoods: Ash
Properties and uses

A

Wide grained, Flexible, Finished well, Light colour

Tool Handles, Sports equipment

114
Q

Hardwoods: Balsa
Properties and Uses

A

Soft, Lightweight, Easy to shape, glue, sand

Modelling, Packing, Surfing Boards

115
Q

Softwoods: Pine

A

Straight Grain, Easy to work, Relatively Cheap

interior construction work, flooring, Crates, Paper

116
Q

Softwoods: Spruce
Properties and uses

A

Straight grain, easy to work, light

Decorative veneer, Interior construction, musical instruments

117
Q

Manufactured Board: Plywood

A

Layers of wood glued together, at right angles

High strength to weight ratio, Easy to cut

Structural panelling, furniture

118
Q

Manufactured Board: MDF

A

Small timber fibres that are mixed with wood and resin

Poor moisture resistances hips easily, easy to cut, paint, glue

Furniture, Panelling, Interior doors

119
Q

Manufactured Board: Chipboard

A

Compacted wood chips

Rough finish, veneered, inexpensive, Easy to cut, Light

Kitchen tops, cabinets, shelving

120
Q

Metals properties [6]

A
  • High melting point
  • High tensile strength
  • Lustrous
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • Good conductors
121
Q

Malleability def

A

A materials ability to deform without breaking or snapping when hammered or rolled into a thin sheet

122
Q

Ductility def

A

How easily a material can be drawn into wires

123
Q

Ferrous Metals: Mild Steel

A

Cheap, tough, Easy to cut and weld

General buildings and engineering, car body

124
Q

Ferrous metal: High carbon steel

A

Harder and stronger than mild steel, Brittle

Springs, saw blades, drills

125
Q

Ferrous metals: Stainless steel

A

Resistant to corrosion and wear

Cutlery, surgical instruments, kitchen utensils

126
Q

Non ferrous metals: Aluminium

A

Lightweight, good finish, malleable, good conductor

Drink cans, aircraft and car body

127
Q

Non ferrous metals: Copper

A

Soft, Ductile, Malleable, Conducts heat and electricity

Electrical cables, jewellery, statues, water pipes

128
Q

Alloy: Brass

A

65% Copper 35% Zinc
Durable, Corrosion resistant
Musical instruments, Handles

129
Q

Alloy: Solder

A

Lead, Tin, Copper
Malleable, Low melting point, good conductor of electricity
Electrical solder

130
Q

Properties of Polymers [5]

A

Lightweight
Waterproof
Tough
Electrical and thermal insulators
Resistant to corrosion

131
Q

Production of polymers

A
  • Drill and extract crude oil
  • Fractional Distillation of crude oil
  • Cracking
  • Polymerisation to make polymers
  • Pigments, Plasticisers, Fillers, Stabilisers added
132
Q

Ecological Issues with polymers [6]

A
  • Crude oil is a non-renewable resource
  • Toxic (Harmfull)
  • Causes Waste, take a long time to decompose
  • Ocean Pollution, damage to ecosystems
  • Hazard to workers
  • Only virgin polymers are safe to use with food
133
Q

Stock Forms for Polymers

A

Sheet, Granules, Rods, tubes, Frames Plastics, Powdered polymers, Reels

134
Q

Polymers Standard components

A

Nuts and bolts, Washers, Plugs, End Caps, Gear Wheels

135
Q

Marking out polymers [2]

A
  • Chinagraph pencil
  • Permanet marker
136
Q

Cutting Polymers [3]

A
  • Coping saw or scrolls saw to cut curves
  • Band saw to cut straight
  • Laser Cutter to cut 2d shapes
137
Q

Adhesion of polymers [2]

A
  • Epoxy resin
  • Tensol
138
Q

Joining POlymers

A
  • Adhesion
  • Welding
  • Mechanical fixings
139
Q

Line bending Polymers [2]

A
  • Creates simple bends
  • Sheet of material is heated along a strip and softens, allowing it to be folded, hardens as it cools
140
Q

Drape forming polymers [2]

A
  • Used to forma large curve or bend
  • Heated and draped over a former to hold it in shape
141
Q

Press moulding [3]

A
  • Used to produce more complex shapes
  • Yoke (top) and plug (bottom)
  • Polymer heated and placed in between cooled
142
Q

Recycling, Reuse and Disposal of electronic components [2]

A
  • Contain several components which are difficult to separate for recycling
  • Many components contain hazardous chemicals
143
Q

Lever flrmula

A

Moments are balanced

144
Q

1st class lever

A

Effort, Fulcrum, Load
Scisors

145
Q

2nd Class lever

A

Fulcrum, Load, Effort
Nutcracker

146
Q

3rd class lever

A

Fulcrum Load, Effort
Tweezer

147
Q

V, I, R

A

V=IR

148
Q

Gear ratio

A

Teeth on driver: Teeth on drive
Speed of driver: Speed of driven

149
Q

Idler gear def

A

An extra gear used to keep the driver and the driven turning in the same direction

150
Q

Beven Gear

A

Gears with teeth cut out at 45 degerees

151
Q

Worm drives

A

One tooth that is shaped like a screw or bolt thread

152
Q

rack and pinions

A

Rotary into oscillating

153
Q

Chain ans sprocekt

A

Two driver pulleys connected with a. belt

154
Q

Smart Materials def

A

A material whose physical properties change in response to an input

155
Q

Modern Materials eg

A

Graphene
Titanium
Metal Foams
Nanometerials

156
Q

Smart Materials eg

A

Thermochromic pigment: Baby Spoon
Shape memory alloy: Braces
Photochromic pigments: UV sunglases

157
Q

Automation def

A

The use of machines to do tasks with minimal human input

158
Q

Adv of Automation [5]

A
  • Increased speed
  • No rest
  • High accuracy
  • Increased quality
  • Can be used in dangerous situation
159
Q

Disadvantages of automation [3]

A
  • Lack of human employment
  • Expensive to buy
  • Lack human judgement
160
Q

Smart technology

A

Develops computerised machines further by connecting them with other machines and sensors, increases efficiency

161
Q

Sustainability def

A

Sustaining the needs of the present without compromising on the needs of the future

162
Q

Carbon footprint

A

the amount of greenhouse gasses released during the production/consumption/disposal of a product

163
Q

Social footprint of products

A

How the production/consumption/disposal of a product impacts people

164
Q

Cooperative

A

Owned by and run by members

165
Q

Market pull

A

Designing to satisfy the needs and wants of customers

166
Q

Technology push

A

New technology drives improvement

167
Q

Hacksaw

A

For straight cutting in metals and plastics

168
Q

Coping saw

A

For cutting curves in wood and plastic

169
Q

Files

A

Small teeth to remove material, final finishing
Triangle, Half round, Flat

170
Q

Sanding tools

A

Sanding disc, Belt sander

171
Q

Band Saw

A

Cutting straight in woods, plywoods

172
Q

Metal sheet press

A

Sheets of metal are placed between a punch and a die, force is applied

173
Q

Casting

A

Molten material is poured into a hollow mould, cools and solidifies

174
Q

Vacuum forming steps [7]

A
  • Mould placed on vacuum bed
  • Thermoforming plastic sheet clamped above the bed
  • Plastic is heated till softened
  • Vacuum bed is lifted
  • Vacuum created and plastic pulled onto mould
  • Cooled and holds shape
  • Removed from mould
175
Q

Injection moulding steps [5]

A
  • Plastic granules fed into a hopper
  • Slowly moved into chamber surrounded by heaters, melts
  • Fed into a mould
  • Cools, takes shape
  • Removed
176
Q

Anthropometric data def

A

Data consisting of the measurements of a set of humans. Can be used in combination with anatomy, physiology, psychology and statistics to create ergonomic design

177
Q

Ergonomic design def

A

Design for comfort and easy to use

178
Q

Percentile considered

A

5th, 50th, 95th

179
Q

Laser cutter steps [6]

A
  • Design on 2d design software
  • Place sheet on bed, align with corner
  • Close lid
  • Execute
  • Remove
  • Remove film, separate
180
Q

3D printing steps

A
  • Design on 3d fusion software
  • Feed reel
  • Line bed
  • Heat bed
  • Print
  • Remove, remove supports
181
Q

Rotation moulding steps [5]

A
  • Load granule polymer
  • Heating the mold in an oven while it rotates
  • Cooling the mold, usually by fan
  • Removal of the part
  • Cut excess
182
Q

Thermoforming Polymers examples

A

HDPE
Acrylic
Nylon
ABS
Nylon

183
Q

Thermosetting Polymers Example

A

Resin
PF

184
Q

Blow moulding steps [5]

A
  • Heated tube placed into hollow mould
  • Mould closes and end positions are gripped
  • Compressed air blown in
  • Cooled
  • removed and finished
185
Q

PCB engraving steps [5]

A
  • Deign on software
  • transfer onto copper by printing on transfer papers
  • Place into etching solution until all copper has dissolved
  • Drill holes
  • Solder

DT (1 decks)

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