Content:

Question 1

Discourse Big D:

Answer 1

• Focuses on the idea.
• Everything that has been written, thought of or done that is related to a particular topic.
• Usually found in political or social topics.

Question 2

Discourse Small d:

Answer 2

• Focuses on the text.

- Such as: newspaper text, novel or sticker.

Question 3

Discourse analysis looks at:

Answer 3

• Who: The Agents - speakers, writers.
• How: Forms and functions of language is used.
• Why: Reason for language use.
• When: Specific context of language use.
• Aim of discourse analysis is to move beyond sentence grammar to study action and interaction.

Question 4

The Agency:

Answer 4

• Agency refers to the individual, group or society.

- Sociolinguists study the individuals, the group and the societal contexts in which communication occurs.

Question 5

Communities of communicative practice can be based on:

Answer 5

• Geographical factors (accents or dialects)
  -Social factors (e.g. teenager slang)
• Or can be develop from activities or professions (e.g. IT Jargon.
  (Individual speaker is normally part of more than one community of practice).

Question 6

The Speech Acts theory key terms:

Answer 6

• illocutionary act:
• perlocutionary act:
• locutionary act:

Question 7

Two types of presupposition:

Answer 7

• Conventional presupposition

- Pragmatic presupposition

Question 8

Conventional presupposition:

Answer 8

Less-context dependent. Linked to particular linguistic forms.

Question 9

Pragmatic Presupposition:

Answer 9

Context dependent, centralised on the utterance of a particular context.

Question 10

Pragmatics:

Answer 10

Focuses on the interaction of linguistic knowledge with our knowledge of the world, taking into account the context of use.

Question 11

Pragmatics looks at:

Answer 11

-Conversational skills in social interaction.
Example: how does a conversation work in detail?
-Speech acts - doing things with words.
Example: Apologies, requests, declarations etc.
-References and presuppositions.
Example: styles or registers of speaking.

Question 12

Cooperative Principle:

Answer 12

Developed by Grice (1975).

Question 13

Politeness theory:

Answer 13

• Is the practice organising linguists so that it is seen as inoffensive and conforming to current social expectations.
• One must be culturally neutral.
• Based on assumptions.
• Use linguistic concept of face: negative and positive face.
• Face-threating acts

Question 14

Linguistic politeness strategies:

Answer 14

• Indirectness,
• Passive Mode,
• Address,
• Greetings.

Question 15

Example of register:

Answer 15

Informal, vulgar slang, formal, literary, dated, historical, humours, archaic, rare.

Question 16

Genre:

Answer 16

-Conventionalised categories of texts as communicative events (spoken or written) that share a communicative purpose, structural features, words, phrases or abbreviations.

Question 17

Genre Analysis:

Answer 17

1. Looking at setting the text occurs
2. Look at the focus and perspective of the text.
3. The purposes of the text.
4. The target audience for the text, their role am purpose in reading the text.
5. The relationship between the writers and readers of the text.
6. Expectations, conventions and requirements of the text.
7. The background knowledge, values and understandings it is assumed the writer shares with the reader.
8. The relationship the text has with other texts.