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CONTEMPO FINALS > CONTEMPORARY WORLD FINALS > Flashcards

CONTEMPORARY WORLD FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

is the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale to produce new structures, materials and devices.

A

Nanotechnology

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2
Q

It’s the understanding and control of materials on the molecular, atomic, or even subatomic scale.

A

Nanotechnology

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3
Q

Nanomaterials have a length scale between ___ nanometers.

A

1 and 100

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4
Q

the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.

A

Artificial intelligence (AI)

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5
Q

It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.

A

AI

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6
Q

also called Narrow AI or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)—is AI trained and focused to perform specific tasks. drives most of the AI that surrounds us today.

A

Weak AI

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7
Q

is made up of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI).

A

Strong AI

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8
Q

__ is a theoretical form of AI where a machine would have an intelligence equaled to humans; it would have a self-aware consciousness that has the ability to solve problems, learn, and plan for the future.

A

Artificial general intelligence (AGI), or general AI,

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9
Q

__—also known as superintelligence—would surpass the intelligence and ability of the human brain.

A

Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

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10
Q

refers to deep-learning models that can take raw data and “learn” to generate statistically probable outputs when prompted. At a high level, generative models encode a simplified representation of their training data and draw from it to create a new work that’s similar, but not identical to the original data.

A

Generative AI

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11
Q

It is also known as automatic speech recognition (ASR), computer speech recognition, or speech-to-text, and it is a capability which uses natural language processing (NLP) to process human speech into a written format. Many mobile devices incorporate speech recognition into their systems to conduct voice search—e.g. Siri—or provide more accessibility around texting.

A

Speech recognition:

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12
Q

Online virtual agents are replacing human agents along the customer journey. They answer frequently asked questions (FAQs) around topics, like shipping, or provide personalized advice, cross-selling products or suggesting sizes for users, changing the way we think about customer engagement across websites and social media platforms. Examples include messaging bots on e-commerce sites with virtual agents, messaging apps, such as Slack and Facebook Messenger, and tasks usually done by virtual assistants and voice assistants.

A

Customer service:

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13
Q

This AI technology enables computers and systems to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs, and based on those inputs, it can take action. This ability to provide recommendations distinguishes it from image recognition tasks. Powered by convolutional neural networks, computer vision has applications within photo tagging in social media, radiology imaging in healthcare, and self-driving cars within the automotive industry.

A

Computer vision:

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14
Q

Using past consumption behavior data, AI algorithms can help to discover data trends that can be used to develop more effective cross-selling strategies. This is used to make relevant add-on recommendations to customers during the checkout process for online retailers.

A

Recommendation engines:

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15
Q

Designed to optimize stock portfolios, AI-driven high-frequency trading platforms make thousands or even millions of trades per day without human intervention.

A

Automated stock trading:

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16
Q

The idea of ‘a machine that thinks’ dates back to ancient __.

A

Greece

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17
Q

YEAR?
Alan Turing publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence. In the paper, Turing—famous for breaking the Nazi’s ENIGMA code during WWII—proposes to answer the question ‘can machines think?’ and introduces the Turing Test to determine if a computer can demonstrate the same intelligence (or the results of the same intelligence) as a human. The value of the Turing test has been debated ever since.

A

1950

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18
Q

publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence.

famous for breaking the Nazi’s ENIGMA code during WWII—proposes to answer the question ‘can machines think?’ and introduces the Turing Test

A

Alan Turing

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19
Q

determine if a computer can demonstrate the same intelligence (or the results of the same intelligence) as a human.

A

Turing Test

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20
Q

YEAR?

John McCarthy coins the term ‘artificial intelligence’ at the first-ever AI conference at Dartmouth College. (McCarthy would go on to invent the Lisp language.) Later that year, Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon create the Logic Theorist, the first-ever running AI software program.

A

1956:

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21
Q

__ coins the term ‘artificial intelligence’ at the first-ever AI conference at Dartmouth College

A

John McCarthy

22
Q

create the Logic Theorist, the first-ever running AI software program.

A

Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon

23
Q

the first-ever running AI software program.

A

Logic Theorist,

24
Q

Frank Rosenblatt builds the Mark 1 Perceptron, the first computer based on a neural network that ‘learned’ though trial and error. Just a year later, Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert publish a book titled Perceptrons, which becomes both the landmark work on neural networks and, at least for a while, an argument against future neural network research projects.

A

1967

25
Q

builds the Mark 1 Perceptron

A

Frank Rosenblatt

26
Q

the first computer based on a neural network that ‘learned’ though trial and error

A

Mark 1 Perceptron

27
Q

___ publish a book titled Perceptrons, which becomes both the landmark work on neural networks and, at least for a while, an argument against future neural network research projects.

A

Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert

28
Q

Neural networks which use a backpropagation algorithm to train itself become widely used in AI applications.

A

1980s:

29
Q

YEAR: IBM’s Deep Blue beats then world chess champion Garry Kasparov, in a chess match (and rematch).

A

1997

30
Q

YEAR: IBM watson beats champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter at Jeopardy!

A

2011

31
Q

YEAR: Baidu’s Minwa supercomputer uses a special kind of deep neural network called a convolutional neural network to identify and categorize images with a higher rate of accuracy than the average human.

A

2015

32
Q

__supercomputer uses a special kind of deep neural network called a convolutional neural network to identify and categorize images with a higher rate of accuracy than the average human.

A

Baidu’s Minwa

33
Q

__ program, powered by a deep neural network, beats Lee Sodol, the world champion Go player, in a five-game match. The victory is significant given the huge number of possible moves as the game progresses (over 14.5 trillion after just four moves!). Later, Google purchased DeepMind for a reported USD 400 million.

A

DeepMind’s AlphaGo

33
Q

YEAR: DeepMind’s AlphaGo program, powered by a deep neural network, beats Lee Sodol, the world champion Go player, in a five-game match. The victory is significant given the huge number of possible moves as the game progresses (over 14.5 trillion after just four moves!). Later, Google purchased DeepMind for a reported USD 400 million.

A

2016

34
Q

YEAR: A rise in large language models, or LLMs, such as ChatGPT, create an
enormous change in performance of AI and its potential to drive enterprise value.
With these new generative AI practices, deep-learning models can be pre-trained on vast amounts of raw, unlabeled data

A

2023

35
Q

It describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.

A

Cloning

36
Q

The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a __.

A

clone

37
Q

In ___, a new individual is generated from a copy of a single cell from the parent organism.

A

asexual reproduction

38
Q

__ produces copies of genes or segments of DNA

A

Gene cloning

39
Q

___ produces copies of whole animals.

A

Reproductive cloning

40
Q

__ produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues.

A

Therapeutic cloning

41
Q

__ stem cells come from human embryos that are three to five days old. They are harvested during a process called in-vitro fertilization.

A

Embryonic

42
Q

These stem cells come from developed organs and tissues in the body. They’re used by the body to repair and replace damaged tissue in the same area in which they are found.

A

Non-embryonic (adult) stem cells

43
Q

___ are a type of adult stem cell found in bone marrow. They make new red blood cells, white blood cells, and other types of blood cells.

A

hematopoietic stem cells

44
Q

They can differentiate into all types of specialized cells in the body. This means they can potentially produce new cells for any organ or tissue.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

45
Q

__ stem cells are harvested from the umbilical cord after childbirth. They can be frozen in cell banks for use in the future. These cells have been successfully used to treat children with blood cancers, such as leukemia, and certain genetic blood disorders.

A

Cord blood

46
Q

This is the fluid that surrounds a developing baby inside the mother’s womb.

A

Amniotic Fluid

47
Q

are undifferentiated, or “blank,” cells. This means they’re capable of developing into cells that serve numerous functions in different parts of the body. Most cells in the body are differentiated cells. These cells can only

A

Stem Cell

48
Q

whole number of inidividuals residing on a specific place and specific time period

A

population

49
Q

study of population

A

demography

50
Q

movement of individuals from one place to another

A

migration

CONTEMPO FINALS (1 decks)

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