Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human- Contemporary urban environments > Contemporary urban environments > Flashcards

Contemporary urban environments Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation

A

The process by which an increasing proportion of country’s population lives in cities and towns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a megacity

A

more than 10 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is urban growth

A

An increase in number of urban dwellers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of urban growth:

A

process of urbanisation plays an important role in human affairs.
Better opportunities
Higher levels of basic services associated with new city.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of urban growth

A

Urbanisation

natural population growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Push factors for urban migration

A

Population growth
high levels of local disease
natural disaster
agriculture problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pull factors of urban migration

A

Employment- Increasing demand for informal jobs
Better quality social provisions such as education/healthcare
Better quality of life due to media representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is urban sprawl

A

Spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What negative impacts are a result of urban sprawl

A

Less economically efficient as requires new infrastructure
Wildlife habitat loss
Commuting from suburbs increases traffic congestion
Good miles increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Consequences of urbanisation

A 
Urban sprawl 
Shortage of housing 
Shortage of affordable housing in HICs
Lack of urban services and disposal
Underemployment
Transport issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name a site or service scheme used in Caracas Venezuela

A

Tower of David

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is underemployment an issue

A

Refers to the situation in which a person is not doing work that makes full use of their skills and abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some of the strategies currently in place to reduce traffic on a local scale

A

Strict street parking
Expensive car parks
Restrictions on access of specific card and encouragement public transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name some contemporary urban processes

A 
Counter urbanisation 
Decentralisation 
Deindustrialisation 
Gentrification 
Suburbanisation 
Urban resurgence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is counter urbanisation

A

Movement of people from large urban areas to smaller urban areas due to lifestyle changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define decentralisation

A

Movement of population from urban areas to outlying areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is deindustrialisation

A

Loss of jobs in manufacturing sector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is gentrification

A

Buying+ renovation of property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is suburbanisation

A

Is the outward growth of urban development to engulf surrounding villages on the outer edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is urban resurgence

A

Regeneration both economic and structural an area which had suffered a period of decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the negatives of suburbanisation

A

Increasing social segregation within cities as wealthy move out to the suburbs and poor remain in inner city.
Diversion of funding away from the inner city area to the suburbs to pay for new infrastructure and services.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name some of the factors that have caused the growth in counter urbanisation

A

People want to escape the city life and aspire to live out rural idyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what were the 3 main factors leading to deindustrialisation

A

Mechanism
competition
reduced demand or traditional products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

population growth fuel the service sector - what else does

A

financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries, which are still important in many cities today

As societies become more technologically sophisticated, they need a larger range of specialised services to keep them running.

As societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Economic impacts of deindustrialisation

A

Loss of jobs
closure of businesses
increased demand of benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

social impacts of deindustrialisation

A

Increase in unemployment
higher levels of deprivation
increased levels of crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

environmental impacts of deindustrialisation

A

derelict land and buildings
long term pollution of land from dirty industries
deteriorating infrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

name 3 urban policies in the UK/UDC

A

City challenge- Hulme city
London docklands development corporation
coin street

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is urban policy

A

relates strategies of urban policy in the UK since the 1980s and while early strategies focused on ‘top-down’ economic regeneration, subsequent policies have recognised the need to adopt a more holistic approach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

facts about Hulme city

A

37.5 million and build 3000 new homes which were designed to conserve water and be energy efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how was hulme city challenge a success

A

Improving quality proposals and encouraging new more imaginative ideas.
The private sector found the competitive principle attractive and argued that competition has encouraged local authorities to suggest solutions as well as identifying problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

list the criticisms of hulme city challenge

A

Competitive nature of scheme was criticised by others on the grounds that large sums of money should be allocated according to need not competitive advantage.
The policy that all successful bidders should receive exactly the sum of money, irrespective of need.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does urban form refer to

A

refers to the physical characteristics that make up built up areas, including the shape, size, density and organisation of settlements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the benefits of megacities

A

offers opportunities to expand access to services- for large numbers of people in an economically efficient manner.
Less environmentally damaging to provide public transport, housing, electricity, water and sanitation for a densely settled urban population than a dispersed rural population.
urban dwellers have access to larger and more diversified employment market.

36
Q

Definition of edge city

A

A self contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city its own right

37
Q

What is fortress landscape

A

This term refers landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion

38
Q

What is world city

A

Cities which have great influence on a global scale due to their financial status and worldwide commercial power

39
Q

list characteristics of world cities

A

Headquarters of multinational corporations
High proportion of residents employed in serves information sectors
Centres of media and communications networks
High quality educational institutions and multifunctional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical and entertainment facilities in the country

40
Q

What is urban morphology

A

Refers to the spatial structure and organisations of an urban area. Traditionally this may have been affected by physical factors such as relief and drainage.

41
Q

What does the bid rent theory state

A

Land value decreases as it moves out form central areas.

42
Q

What strategies can be put in place to reverse decline in the city centre:

A
  1. Town centre mixed development

2. The development of heritage quarters

43
Q

Give an example of heritage quarters been developed

A

Jewellery quarter in Birmingham

44
Q

What is gentrification:

A

Buying and renovating of property often in run down areas by wealthier individual

45
Q

What does gentrification happen for:

A

The rent gap- house price falls below value
pioneer image- trend to create edgy neighbourhoods
commuting costs- time consuming, expensive and stressful
support of the local government and local decision makers
Changing composition of households: Many cities have seen growth of single or two person households without children

46
Q

Although there can be high costs what are the benefits of gentrification-

A

Rising general level of prosperity and increasing number of services.
Increase local tax for local tax for local authority
Physical environment improved.
Greater employment

47
Q

What is a fortress landscape and what is it characterised by

A

Landscapes designed around security, surveillance and exclusion.
CCTV
Fencing around properties
Speed bumps

48
Q

Definition of post modern western city and what is it characterised by:

A 
This term describes the changes that took place in western society and culture in the late 20th century. Postmodernism is characterised by:
Fragmented urban form
Greater emphasis on producer services
spectacular flagship developments
greater ethnic diversity
49
Q

What is economic inequality:

A

The difference the levels of living standards/income across the whole economic distribution.

50
Q

What is a dispora:

A

A group of people with similar heritage of homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world

51
Q

What is urban social exclusion:

A

Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

52
Q

When measuring poverty and inequality what dimensions should it be based upon:

A 
Income
Employment
Health, education, deprivation
Crime 
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment
53
Q

What can quality of life be based upon=

A

Social, physical, political and economic

54
Q

How can cities tackling poverty and inequality-

A 
Enforcing a living wage
provisions in schools
Supported low skilled workers who want to develop their abilities
Access to affordable housing
Greater provision of public transport
Enforce environmental standards
Fairness commissions
55
Q

Reasons for self segregation:

A

Migrants seek support and security of living near friends/relatives.
provision of specialist facilities such as places of worship
protection against racial abuse form the majority population

56
Q

External factors for ethnic segregation:

A

Traditionally migrants have been a source of cheap labour forcing them into areas of cheap housing
Ethnic minorities have been discriminated against in access to local authority housing
Hostility from major population

57
Q

What is the urban climate

A

Urban areas create their own climate /weather/microclimate.

58
Q

what is the urban heat island

A

The zone around and above an urban area, which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas

59
Q

what is temperature inversion

A

As atmospheric condition in which temperature, unusually increases with height. As inversions are extremely stable conditions and do not allow convection, they trap pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere

60
Q

why is UHI concerning

A

Vulnerable groups are most likely to be affected during extreme UHI
Hot and still weather conditions responsible for UHI events also produce higher air pollution levels

61
Q

List some strategies for managing UHI

A 
Cool surfaces
Green roofs
Urban greening
sky view factor
cool cars
62
Q

how can cool surfaces manage the UHI

A

Created with material with high solar reflectance or albedo absorb and store store less solar energy during the day and thus are not major emitters of heat into urban atmosphere at night

63
Q

what is channelling

A

wind redirected down long straight canyon like streets where there is less friction

64
Q

what is the venturi effect

A

The squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase

65
Q

what is wind speed, direction and frequency

A

urban structures and layout

66
Q

How is the ozone layer formed

A

When heat and sunlight cause chemical reactions between nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds

67
Q

what does SUDS stand for

A

Deliver a more holistic approach to managing surface water and whenever possible mimic natural drainage

68
Q

what were the aims of cheonggyecheon

A

development of urban landscape dependent on the car to one that values the quality of its people
the ageing elevated freeway and concrete deck deck covering the stream posed safety risks

69
Q

For improving water pollution what strategies should be sued

A 
Low impact development
Legalisation, regulation and enforcement
Education and awareness
Improvements and waste water processing
Appropriate technology
70
Q

what is a brownfield site

A

previously used for industrial purposes

71
Q

List some of the pollution reduction policies

A

Clean air act
Vehicle control and public transport
Zoning on industry
Ultra low emission zone

72
Q

what are the causes of water pollution in urban areas

A

surface run off from streets carrying oil, heavy metals and other contaminants from vehicles
Industrial waste
Intentional dumping of hazardous waste
Rubbish dump leaking pollutants

73
Q

HIC approaches to managing water pollution

A

The construction of water treatment facilities and wastewater plants
Regulations aimed at point source polluters

74
Q

what is a greenfield site

A

An area of undeveloped land

75
Q

What is land remediation

A

The removal of pollution or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use

76
Q

what are the dimensions of sustainability

A 
Liveability
urban resilience
social
economic
environmental
urban governance
77
Q

what is liveability

A

quality of life in any human living government

78
Q

What is urban resilience

A

The capacity of individuals, communities, businesses and systems within a city to survive, adapt and grow, no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience.

79
Q

socially how can a city achieve urban sustainability

A

provision of healthcare and education services
availability of food supplies
green housing

80
Q

Economic development to achieve urban sustainability

A

decent employment opportunities

production of renewable energy resources

81
Q

how can environmental development help achieve urban sustainability

A

Energy efficiency

Water management

82
Q

How can urban governance achieve urban sustainability

A

Adoption of green urban planning and design strategies

Strategies to reduce inequalities

83
Q

Economic development in Copenhagen

A

Economic and financial centre of Denmark. Home to international companies.

84
Q

Environmental development in Copenhagen

A

Climate plan 2011 targeting to become carbon neutral by 2025.

85
Q

Urban governance in Copenhagen

A

Denmark has one of the highest taxation levels in the world but provides very generous state welfare provision which reduces inequality.

86
Q

Strategies for developing more sustainable cities

A

Investment in infrastructure e.g. Curitiba integrated bus system. Associated reduction in traffic has led to a significant reduction in carbon emissions.

87
Q

Example of investment into more sustainable and affordable housing into sustainable cities

A

Low carbon developments include BEDZED developments

Human- Contemporary urban environments (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions