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Human Geography > Contemporary Urban Case Studies > Flashcards

Contemporary Urban Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Lagos located?

A

Southern coast of Nigeria, close to cities such as Benim City.

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2
Q

Background info on Lagos?
When was it the capital of Nigeria till?

A

Founded as a fishing and farming settlement around 300 years ago.
Became an important commercial centre in the 20th century.
It is a natural harbour as it is sited in an area of lagoons and islands
Was the capital of Nigeria until 1983 before being replaced by Abuja

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3
Q

Population growth in relation to Lagos? Give reasons.

A

Rapid growth due to in-migration and high rates of natural increase, estimated 24.4mil people by 2050.
Grew from 10k to 1.5mil between 1890 - 1930.
1.5mil grew to 11.4mil between 1960 - 1999.

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4
Q

Push factors in Lagos

A

Mechanisation of farming has meant less use for agricultural labourers
Environmental hazards in Nigeria, with unreliable rainfall and arid conditions.
Lack of rural investment
International migration

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5
Q

Pull factors in Lagos

A

Availability of jobs, as it is one of the bigger economic hubs of Nigeria. 70% of Nigeria’s industrial development is in Lagos.
Expectation of higher wages
Education opportunities in Lagos, with literacy rates being above 75% for both genders in 1995.

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6
Q

Reasoning for high natural increase and low natural decrease in Lagos?

A

Youthful population - over 50% under 15yo
Polygyny is traditional, where men have more than one wife.
Childbirth has improved; less deaths, 88% of births took place in hospitals/clinics in 1987.
Less malnutrition as calorie intake increased

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7
Q

How the ecological model fits Lagos

A
  • CBD oldest part and richest part
  • Slums at edge of city
  • High quality housing near centre of city
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8
Q

How does the ecological model not fit Lagos?

A
  • Lots of formal housing, with some high quality on the urban fringe
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9
Q

Problems with urban growth in Lagos

A

Housing - needs for 10k homes annually, and only 1.5% of households are sole occupiers
Unemployment - 28% in 1999.
Transport
Crime - up to 50% of young boys involved in the illegal sector of work
Health
Status of women

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10
Q

Where is Beijing located?

A

North-east China near the coast, well-linked to nearby cities such as Dalian and Tianjin.

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11
Q

What is some background info on Beijing? How long has it been the _____ centre of China for?

A

Capital city of China and has been the urban centre for 3000 years
All of China’s internal affairs and foreign policy are controlled in Beijing

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12
Q

Political importance in Beijing

A

More than 160 countries have an embassy in Beijing
Tian’anmen Square symbolises transformation from feudal to communist society.
Major government buildings and museums are in Beijing

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13
Q

Economy in Beijing
What was international trade of China in 2008?
How much do service industries account for in economic activity?

A

International trade of China at $2561.8mil in 2008, with GDP estimated at $146bil - $8000 per capita
Service industries account for 73% of Beijing’s economic activity

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14
Q

Tourism in Bejing

A

Education attracts global students
Big link with economy

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15
Q

Education in Beijing

A

Over 70 higher education establishments, which is crucial for the next generation of students.
Attracting a growing number of global students and opening number of international schools.

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16
Q

Transport in Beijing

A

Main international air transport hub that is connected to all parts of China
It is the 8th busiest airport in the world, serving 56mil passengers by 2008.

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17
Q

Where is the Cheonggycheon River located?
Background info on Seoul?

A

Seoul, South Korea, and is almost 11km long
Seoul is one the world’s largest cities, with a pop. of 24.5mil in the larger metropolitan area - dense population over 17k people per square kilometre.

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18
Q

Background info on Cheonggyecheon?

A

It was initially covered over as it was seen as a sanitation and flood risk between 1958 and 1961.
A four-lane overpass was built over the river in 1971, and remained this way until 2003 when structures were found to be highly unstable.
2003 saw the beginning of the 2 year, $281million scheme to restore the river

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19
Q

Aims of the restoration project in Cheon? What improvements and opportunities does it make?

A

Improvement of quality of life in Seoul, as well as the elevated freeway posing safety risks and needing to be removed.
Improvement of connectivity between north and south Seoul
Creating recreational and ecological opportunities along a 5.8km corridor in the centre of Seoul.

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20
Q

What did the Cheon restoration project actually do?

A
  • Elevated freeway was removed
  • 22 bridges were built; 12 for pedestrians, 10 for cars
  • Car use discouraged as new rapid bus lanes were added
  • The Hanang River is used to pump water into the Cheon river for a consistent flow. Depth of 40cm
  • River runs to an ecological conservation area with 3 zones:
  • Central historic zone targetted at attracting visitors
  • An environmentally friendly middle zone
  • Widening of stream to look ‘untamed’ in the final zone
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21
Q

Evaluation of the Cheon restoration project

A

Major tourist attraction - 18.1mil visitors as of 2008
Encouragement of diversity of cultural programming
- Greatly improved the economic centre of Seoul

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22
Q

Traffic in Seoul

A

A 2.5°C drop due to decreased/removed car usage
Bus use increased

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23
Q

Environment in Seoul

A

Creation of an urban wildlife haven and replenished habitats

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24
Q

How was inclusivity improved in Seoul’s river project?

A

The design improved after being initially non-inclusive, and now includes lifts for less able people after it was fought for.

25
Q

Where is Manor Ponds located? Background info?

A

Manor Estate, Sheffield
A new regenerated housing estate, with the SUDS scheme on adjacent public council-owned space

26
Q

What were the main SUDS used at Manor Ponds?

A

A series of ponds and basins to treat road runoff
- The top basin is the main tool for silt collection and pollution interception, creating cleaner waters.
- Below each top basin are sand filters, which are absent joining for water movement

27
Q

What happens if the basins overflow?

A

Overflow occurs through alternative grassy channel routes to the next basin.

28
Q

What did Manor Ponds target in terms of amenity?

A

Targeted excluded youngsters as part of the public engagement programme, proving highly successful.

29
Q

Water quality management at Manor Ponds

A
  • The site is being developed as an inner city park.
  • Future plans for the park include a fishing lake, supplemented by run-off source
  • Natural assets of the park include grasslands, heathland and wetlands. They have been implemented into a managed framework
  • Water remains visible, not hidden in drains. Creates character for the site.
30
Q

Design and construction at Manor Ponds

A

Manages storm periods up to 1 in 30 year storm.
Turfing used to vegetate vulnerable areas

31
Q

Benefits and achievements of the Manor Ponds scheme

A

Reclaimed 2 hectares of land in order to improve landscape
Enhanced wetland ecosystem
Extra management finance into a park
Engagement opportunities for the local community
SUDS offer opportunities that are not solely limited to storm management such as finance to public projects and environmental enhancement

32
Q

Challenges of the Manor Ponds scheme

A

Potential mechanisms for capital funding
In the early stages of construction, crime issues were high including vandalism and dumping.
Poor initial water quality performance
Reliability issues from Manor+Castle Development Trust
Management Charge for the scheme, which presented an additional cost over standard water bills which was unacceptable

33
Q

Where is London located?

A

South-east England, capital of the UK with 8.9mil population. HIC country, hosted the 2012 Olympics.

34
Q

Where is Rio located?

A

South-east coast of Brazil, most notably near to the likes of Sao Paulo. 6.7mil population, NEE country, hosted the 2016 Olympics

35
Q

London’s social development - how many tourists annually? Unemployment rates? Population decline?

A
  • Most visited city in the world - 16mil tourists annually, spending more than £3.3bil.
  • In the 80s, the East End saw unemployment rates of up to 60%
  • London’s population declined from 8.6mil in 1939 to 6.6mil in 1981
36
Q

Rio’s social development
What do different parts of the city entail and experience?
Wealth?
Housing issues?

A
  • North is industrial, the West is formerly lower class and experienced urban resurgence. Central = CBD
  • Highly contrasting levels of wealth, e.g. Rochinha, a giant slum, oversees luxury apartments
  • Housing issues caused by large influx of migrants, of up to 100k annually.
37
Q

London’s economic development - LDDC, 1981

A
  • East End was economically regenerated through a property-led scheme led by London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC, 1981) and Enterprise Zone.
  • Regeneration of the whole docklands area, with the establishment of 2nd financial district.
  • Failed to meet the East End social needs.
38
Q

London’s economic development - LTGDC, 2004-2013
How much was invested into the scheme?

A
  • London Thames Gateway Development Corporation focused on East End regeneration, working alongside and coordinated existing organisations.
  • Community-focused regeneration with a focus on sustainability.
  • Created 10500 new homes, 5000 jobs, and nearly 15000m².
  • £1.25bil private sector investment
39
Q

Rio’s economic development
Unemployment?
Funds from Olympics?

A
  • The irregular informal service sector dominates.
  • Poverty is huge, with the poorest 50% earning only 13% of Rio’s income.
  • Many slums + Rio didn’t utilise the funds from the Olympics as effectively as London.
  • Unemployment up to 20%.
40
Q

London’s environmental management

A
  • Aimed to be the ‘greenest’ Olympics.
  • 4000 trees planted.
  • Waterside park created after the River Lea was cleaned up.
  • 30000 tonnes of rubbish cleared.
  • Creation of largest urban park in Europe after cleaning 200ha of contaminated brownfield sites.
41
Q

Rio’s environmental management

A
  • 4mil cars jam Rio’s suburbs daily, creating heavy pollution
  • Money was used to improve transport around Rio, and improve road structure. Air pollution is made less severe
  • Tighter laws
42
Q

London’s urban governance in terms of stability and crime?

A
  • More stable government allowed for the many regenerative schemes to take place.
  • Criminal gangs brought under control
43
Q

Rio’s urban governance

A
  • Not much control with many favelas overrun with criminal gangs.
  • Improved a little due to the intro of Pacifying Police Units (UPPs). Control restored in almost 200 favelas in 2008
  • Favela-Barno project integrated <250k residents in over 140 neighbourhoods
44
Q

Where is LA located?

A

West coast of North America, after growing out of Gold Rush of northern California in 19th century

45
Q

What urban form does LA follow? What is it the result of, and what factor could be involved?

A

Urban sprawl, with Greater LA involving 88 cities made of low-density housing.
Results from lots of suburbanisation and increasing car ownership had a part to play.

46
Q

What was LA focused on in the past?

A

Agriculture

47
Q

How big is LA’s urban sprawl?

A

115km east to west, with a total area of 1166km²

48
Q

Why is LA considered a ‘donut city’?

A

The CBD/downtown has declined economically due to masses of suburbanisation by businesses and people.

49
Q

Why is the CBD area deprived?

A

Dominated by TNC HQs with few employment opportunities.
Many employers including retailers moved to exurbs or edge cities like Anaheim.

50
Q

How has LA’s cultural diversity changed? What is the largest ethic group?

A

Originally largely white and middle class people, developed to be highly multicultural.
Mexican Hispanics make up the largest ethnic group.

51
Q

Examples of cultural areas in LA?

A

Chinatown, Little Italy.

52
Q

What has suburbanisation caused in the downtown area?

A

Lots of deprivation due to being left behind, with high crime, low education/health access, and unemployment.

53
Q

Where is Mumbai located? How is it useful in India?

A

West coast of India in Maharastra, with an area of 438km².
Large harbour and is the commercial + economic hub of India, with much foreign investment.

54
Q

In terms of land-use, what is Mumbai like? How was it founded?

A
  • Originally 7 islands, and was drained for more space. 27k people per km².
  • Skyscrapers dominate CBD with shopping areas like Colaba Causeway Corner for middle-class.
  • High tech industries exploit low-skilled labour in Mumbai.
55
Q

What percentage of the population live in shanty towns like Dharavi? What contrasts to these shanty towns?

A

50%, with luxury residential areas like Malabar Hill in the south.

56
Q

Why is Mumbai unsustainably growing?

A

Large numbers of people in poverty, with low taxes and a large informal economy despite much foreign investment.

57
Q

Why is daily life difficult in Mumbai?

A

5mil people have no access to clean drinking water, and road accidents common, with thousands of deaths annually.

58
Q

What is Mumbai’s cultural diversity like?

A

Several languages spoken like Marathi and English
Several faiths such as Islam, Buddhism and Christianity
Host of festivals like Diwali, Christmas and Pride.

59
Q

How many migrants come to Mumbai daily?

A

1 thousand.

Human Geography (3 decks)

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