Contemporary Issues In Psychology Flashcards
Overweight BMI
> 25kg/m2
How we BMI is a controversial measure, as those with high muscle weight can have a high BMI
What percentage of males and females are overweight?
Males-69%
Females-60%
According to McPherson et al (2007) by what year will half of UK adults be obese?
2050
According to WHO (2014) globally, how many of us are obese?
600 million adults
According to UN (2013) which country has the highest level of obesity in Northern Europe?
UK
What was the traditional view of being overweight?
It was desirable, showing that you could afford food.
But now it’s seen as unhealthy and unattractive.
What did Hippocrates (460-377 BC) say about weight?
It’s harmful to health to eat more food than needed, and exercise should be used to work off the excess.
This shows that issues with obesity were identified many years ago.
What’s the economic implication of obesity?
Annual estimated cost to NHS is £5 billion.
What are the health implications of obesity? (Cheah & Kam, 2005)
Hypertension Type 2 diabetes Dyslexic emit Atherosclerosis Various cancers Increase risk of death by 30% with BMI>30kg/m2
What are the Obesogenic environment explanation of obesity causes?
Development of conditions.
Urbanisation .
Mechanisation.
Cheap, high energy foods. (E.g. Economic pressure as poor can’t afford more)
How does urbanisation explain the rise of obesity?
More sedimentary lifestyle
Everything in the city, no need to travel much
Transport, no need to walk
How does mechanisation explain the rise in obesity?
More sedimentary lifestyle
Technology does things for us (e.g. Ubereats, taxis, email, delivery)
According to the NHS (2013) what percentage of adults participate in sports at least once a week for 30 minutes at moderate intensity?
36%
What did Jebb (2005) say about eating and exercise?
The majority is less active than they should be to be healthy and consume more food than needed.
According to Millward (2013), what percentage does genes play in obesity?
Obesity genes can only explain 6-7% of the variance
If the parents are obese, what is the increased risk of childhood obesity?
10%
What did Ostrey et al (2006) and Lorenzo et ask (2003) say about obesity and shift work
Overweight/ obesity more prevalent in shift workers (e.g. Nights)
Why is there increased shift work?
We now demand 24 hour service
How can shift work explain obesity?
Affects the diurnal rhythm (biological rhythm linked to day and night), and partial sleep deprivation (PSD) has shown increased calorie intake.
How did Khatib et al (2017) explain weight gain with PSD?
High sugar/fat food more rewarding with PSD, we crave unhealthy foods when sleep deprived.
At what BMI did Wadden et al (2002) suggest clinicians advice a reduction in fat/sugar intake and an increase in exercise?
BMI>27kg/m2
What treatment did Haslam (2016) say was included for higher BMIs?
Drug treatment (e.g. On the hypothalamus)
What psychological interventions are there for obesity?
E.g. Shaw et al, 2005
Behavioural (e.g. Self-monitoring, coping skills etc.
Cognitive (e.g. Challenge thoughts)
What do behavioural interventions for obesity include?
Enhance dietary restraint by providing strategies to avoid maladaptive behaviours and encouraging physical activities
Give coping skills to overcome dietary lapses/cravings
Goal setting/ self-monitoring
What do behavioural interventions for obesity include?
Overeating linked to how we think of ourselves and the world
Challenges aversive thoughts
What is self-monitoring (in terms of weight loss)?
Examining food intake and daily weight measurement in overweight dieters
(E.g. Write what you’ve eaten to not forget)
What evidence did Boutelle et al (1999) provide to support self-monitoring in weight loss?
Self-monitoring group lost weight.
How did Foreyt and Goodrick (1993); wing (2002) show that continuous monitoring is important?
When intervention programme ends, people regain as much as one third of their weight
What predictors did McGuire et al (1999) show could effect the maintenance of weigh loss?
Higher maximum weight
Greater history of weight cycling
Greater intimate loss of weight
Short durations of weight loss
Higher levels of disinhibition (less self-control)
Higher levels of depressive symptoms
‘Regainers’ showed a marked decrease in physical activity
Real life environmental interventions of obesity include:
Following the coalition, free healthy school dinner have been provided for key stage 1
After 2012 olympics, more focus on physical activity (e.g. Change 4 life programme)
What are Wadden et al (2002) proposed environmental interventions?
Regulating advertising of unhealthy foods to children
Prohibiting unhealthy foods at school
Subsiding sale of healthy food
Taxing unhealthy food
Providing resources for physical activity
What did Chrisler and Barney (2016) say about weight discrimination/ fat shaming?
Attempts to motivate behaviour change by ‘shaming’ is stressful and can cause harm
What did Vadiveloo and Mattei (2017) say about perceived weight discrimination?
It doubles 10-year risk of high allostatic load (effects chronic stress).
- short-term stress is good but chronic stress causes more cardiovascular problems
What 3 distinct types of stigma did Lewis et al (2011) show with interviews on obese Austrian adults?
1) direct (e.g. Abuse in public)
2) environmental (e.g. Size of seats)
3) indirect (e.g. Staring into contents of trolley)
What did Flint et al (2016) show about weight based discrimination?
Showed evidence of weight-based discrimination in hiring decisions (in-built prejudice)
What did Munro (2017) discuss in relation to weight?
Microagressions - all the little things we do that promote discrimination
How did Sue (2010) describe microaggressions?
“Commonplace verbal, behavioural, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional that communicate hostile, derogatory or negative insults to a target person or group”
Examples of microaggressions
You look good, have you lost weight?
You’re not fat, you’re beautiful
I’m having a fat day
I’m on a mad diet for my wedding
How did Cramer and Steinwert (1998) show that negative attitudes to obesity were shown by preschool children (3-5yrs), showing that fat prejudice starts early?
Children were given scenario where one child (Susan) is mean to another about their sandcastle
Children are them given 2 images of children, one thin, one chubby and asked which one is ‘Susan’
Susan was linked to the higher BMI child
In experiment 1- 65-100%
Who claimed that fat hate is socially sanctioned?
Munro (2017)
What did klesger et al (1992) claim about children’s self esteem and weight?
In children, perceived body size is related to self-esteem
According to Eisenberg et al (2003) how many times more likely is Suicide ideation/attempts when adolescents are bullied about their weight?
2-3 times
