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pe - socio-cultural > Contemporary issues in physical activity and sport > Flashcards

Contemporary issues in physical activity and sport Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour that differs from the norms/values of a sport

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2
Q

Drugs and Doping

A
  • Substances used to improve/change human performance
  • Banned list (illegal drugs in sport) is decided by WADA (World Anti-doping Agency)
  • Those on the banned list are usually because they are considered PED’s (Performance Enhancing Drugs)
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3
Q

Examples of PED’s/banned substance in sport

A
  • hGH (human growth hormone)
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Beta Blockers
  • EPO (erythropoietin)
  • Blood doping
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4
Q

hGH (human growth hormone) - Impacts

A

Impacts:

Increases bone, muscle and cartilage growth. Occurs naturally in the body. Improved power and strength.

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5
Q

Anabolic Steroids - Impacts and Side Effects

A

Impacts:
Forms of testosterone, which stimulates muscle growth and increased aggression. Therefore, alongside training, it can increase muscle mass. Also increases recovery and repair. Generally used for power, but can be used by any athlete to aid recovery.

Side Effects:

  • Females develop male features
  • Liver and heart damage
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6
Q

Beta Blockers - Impacts and Side Effects

A

Impacts:
Control the heart rate, and therefore act to calm nerves and steady the heart beat. Used in sports where fine motor skills are required, an in particular a steady hand for successful performance.

Side Effects:

  • Reduces heart rate so low that it may possibly stop
  • Low blood pressure
  • Causes tiredness
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7
Q

EPO (erythropoietin) - Impacts and Side Effects

A

Impacts:
Occurs naturally in the body and is the hormone controlling red blood cell production. Therefore, taking a synthetic version of this hormone stimulates production of new red blood cells and therefore O2 carrying capacity. Improved endurance.

Side Effects:

  • Possible blood clots
  • Cardiovascular problems
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8
Q

Blood Doping - Impacts and Side Effects

A

Impacts:
Removing blood from the body temporarily which is held in storage to stimulate new blood cell creation. This is then re-transfused before the sporting event which will increase red blood cell count = increased O2 carrying capacity. Improved endurance.

Side Effects:

  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Increased risk of heart attack
  • Cerebral embolism (a blockage, formed elsewhere in the body, which becomes lodged in an artery within or leading to the brain).
  • Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
  • Infections and risk of blood-boure diseases (HIV, HEP B/C)
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9
Q

Examples of legal supplements in sport

A
  • Creatine
  • Caffeine
  • Carbohydrate replenishment
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10
Q

Creatine

A

Improves recovery of ATP/PC energy system

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11
Q

Caffeine

A

Help athletes train harder and longer. Clearer thinking and greater concentration

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12
Q

Carbohydrate Replenishment

A

Aid energy replenishment (powders/gels, sports drinks, energy bars, carb loading)

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13
Q

Advantages of taking legal supplementation

A
  • Can increase performance
  • Help with dietary
  • Aids recovery
  • Builds muscle, increase stamina, weight control, improving flexibility
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14
Q

Disadvantages of taking legal supplementation

A
  • Can contain banned substances or be seen to be tampered with during packaging stages
  • Concerns over taking substances over a long period of time
  • Can cause dehydration (creatine)
  • Cost
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15
Q

What are the reasons for illegal drug use in sport?

A

Physiological reasons:
- Improve performance by altering the body physically i.e. anabolic steroids for increased strength

Psychological reasons:
- Improve performance through altering brain function i.e. anabolic steroids for increased aggression etc.

Social reasons:

  • Pressure to win from coaches, peers, country, politics and media
  • Belief everyone else is doing it
  • Belief they will not get caught (ahead of drug testing)
  • Win at all costs attitude; particularly for fame and fortune/keep sponsors
  • State sponsored programmes
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16
Q

Sporting examples for illegal drug taking in sport

A
  • Lance Armstrong stripped of 7 Tour de France titles and banned from cycling for using the banned performance-enhancing substances EPO (2012)
  • Russia’s Olympic ban for state-sponsored doping (2021)
17
Q

Consequences of drug use on performer

A
  • Improved performance: therefore increases the chance of winning, and gives them an unfair advantage
  • Physiological Health: health problems, addiction and lowered life expectancy/death i.e. liver disorders, heart problems, sexual problems etc.
  • Psychological Health: mental health issues i.e. Mood swings, behaviour problems, increased aggression, depression
  • Punishment: Law breaking of the legal system and/or sport, and consequently athlete may be banned, fined, loose medals/titles
  • Reputation: ruined career and reputation
18
Q

Consequences of drug use on sport

A
  • Values: challenges the concept of fair play in sport
  • Sponsors: loss of sponsors for ‘tainted’ sport because of the bad image
  • Lowered participation: because of the negative image surrounding the sport, people choose not to participate/ not let children participate in it
  • Lowered public support: because of the negative image surrounding the sport, people choose not to spectate and put their money into that sport
  • False Records/Results: because the drugs give an unfair advantage to a performer, and are not always caught
19
Q

Consequences of drug use on society

A
  • Negative role models: negative effect on society, particularly the value of healthy lifestyles
  • Reflection of society: shows society as ‘win at all costs’ or that sport is a reflection of a corrupt society with unethical citizens
  • Implement ban: society may have to make rules to ban all athletes using drugs
  • Legalise/accept drugs: or, society may possibly accept their athletes as drug takers and make it legal
  • Drug Testing: enable more effective drug testing processes to be developed in response to new drugs being created
20
Q

Strategies to stop illegal drug use in sport?

A
  • Stricter punishments: life bans, loss of prize money/sponsorship, loss of medals.
  • Improved testing: stricter, random, more regular testing, out of season testing.
  • Education: of coaches and performers, particularly on the health dangers and legal issues.
  • Legalisation of drugs.
  • Research and increased funding: on newer drug detection methods.
  • Use of role models: to encourage drugs free sport, ‘name and shame’ cheats.
21
Q

Violence in sport

A

Intense physical force that is directed towards harming an individual or group, or property. Can be separated into two sub-categories:

  • Player violence - happens within the game
  • Spectator violence - happens between spectators, before, during or after the game
22
Q

Cause of both player and spectator violence

A
  • Frustration; with referee decisions, score, performance

- Importance of game/result; monetary reward, cup match, league position decider, rivalry, derby

23
Q

Causes of player violence

A
  • Provoked/ retaliation; by opponent, by teammates, crowd abuse, racism, violence on pitch copied
  • Nature of game; contact sports, rules encourage violence
  • Dehumanising Weapons and kit; dehumanising protective gear, equipment which could be used as weapon i.e. hockey stick
  • Drugs; testosterone, ‘roid rage’ from steroids
24
Q

Causes of spectator violence

A
  • Alcohol/social drugs; people lose their inhibitions, become more brave
  • Poor spectator provision: overcrowding, poor stewarding, poor policing
  • Hooligans; organised violence, looking for a fight, used as an outlet of ‘energy’
  • Deindividuation; loose sense of individual identity in a crowd, and this diminished responsibility can cause violence when you usually wouldn’t be violent (lack of accountability)
  • Imitating violence on the pitch
25
Q

Implications of violence in sport on society

A
  • Sports performers are role models, so violence may be copied in society
  • Put parents off letting their children participate
  • Can lead to violence amongst spectators
  • Sport is a reflection of society, so if there is violence in sport it may be because society has violence in it
  • Violence in sport could indicate other social issues in wider society
26
Q

Implications of violence in sport on sport

A
  • Can initiate changes in laws and rules of a sport to make violence less likely
  • Sport receives a bad name/profile
  • Can reduce participation
  • Loss of sponsors
  • Loss of public interest/ support
  • Can make the sport more entertaining for media and spectators
27
Q

Implications of violence in sport on performers

A
  • Punishment; Disciplinary action and even legal action
  • Injury and even death in some cases
  • Loss of sponsors
  • Become a negative role model/detrimental to career
28
Q

Solutions to player violence

A
  • Rule changes: to minimise violent situations in a sport i.e. no high tackles in rugby
  • Punishments: make disciplinary process more severe, match/season bans to act as a deterrent, possible legal action where appropriate
  • Education: on fair play and their position as role models emphasised, educate on the negative effects violence may have, educated on how to control emotions and stress
  • More effective officiating: to maintain control of game, to catch more violent acts, more qualified officials, more officials in number, give them more autonomy of giving instant punishments
  • Technology: for fairer outcomes to reduce frustration, and to catch foul play after the event i.e. video ref
  • Coaches: encourage a philosophy of assertive behaviour rather than violence.
29
Q

Solutions to spectator violence

A
  • Stricter punishments: remove season tickets, legal action
  • Control of alcohol: searches at gates, ban alcohol, early kick off times
  • Improve spectator facilities: all seated stadiums, separation of fans
  • Use of CCTV/ police hand-held cameras: to spot incidents occurring, record any events for evidence
  • Liaison and law enforcement of police: share info on potential trouble makers, football banning orders for home and abroad fixtures
  • Promotion as family entertainment: use of family sections within crowd, children based entertainment like mascots, competitions, using social media to build positive relationships between fans, etc.
30
Q

Gambling in sport

A
  • Dates back to pre-industrial Britain; now biggest in football (70% of all sport betting)
  • Now globalised, particularly through the internet
  • Bet on overall outcome or individual performances
  • Some sports ban all performers in that sport from gambling on their own sport i.e. football, horse racing
  • Betting companies now also sponsor sport
31
Q

Match Fixing

A

When a competition is played to a completely/partly pre-determined result. Usually involves bribing corrupt players, coaches and officials

32
Q

Illegal Betting

A

When a player is involved in betting in sport which is illegal according to NGB rules i.e. boxer betting on himself to loose

33
Q

Impact of gambling in sport - Pros and Cons

A

Pros:

  • Financial benefits to the people involved if successful
  • Offer big sponsorship deals in sport
  • Adds excitement

Cons:

  • Rise in illegal betting in sport i.e. performers gambling in their own sport
  • Can cause corruption in sport through match fixing
  • Players can gain gambling problems
  • Can cause debt/addiction in society
  • Growing volume of gambling sponsors which promotes a negative image
  • Growth of online betting/apps makes it easier than ever to get involved
34
Q

Sporting examples for illegal gambling in sport

A

‘Calciopoli Italian Football Scandal’:

  • Pressured certain referees to favour certain clubs to influence results
  • Several clubs punished including Juventus being thrown out of Serie A

Stephen Lee:

  • 12-year ban from snooker after being found guilty of seven match-fixing charges.
  • Deliberately lost a matches and frames he could’ve won.

pe - socio-cultural (1 decks)

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